MySQL单表查询、聚合函数、多表连接查询、子查询
2021/7/9 2:08:43
本文主要是介绍MySQL单表查询、聚合函数、多表连接查询、子查询,对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值,需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧!
文章目录
- 单表查询
- 聚合函数
- 多表查询(select查询的是虚拟表)
- 连接查询
- 多表连接查询案例
- 多表连接查询之物理表和虚拟表链接
- 子查询
- 带in关键字的子查询
- 带ANY关键字的子查询
- 带ALL关键字的子查询
- 带比较运算符的子查询
- 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
- 逻辑梳理图
- 作业
单表查询
select distinct 字段1,字段2,... from 库.表 where 过滤条件 group by 分组字段 having 过滤条件 order by 排序字段 limit 条数
聚合函数
首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的 指定表中的字段名,将指定字段名的数据进行分类 分组的意义在于指定表中的字段,将表中数据分类,以组的形式进行数据的操作 可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数 # 聚合函数:聚合函数只能在分组之后使用,聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组 # 关键字====>每个 平均 最高 最低 # 聚合函数 max 最大 min 最小 sum 求和 count 查数 avg 求平均值 group_concat
# group by分组 分组实际应用场景 分组应用场景非常的多 男女比例 部门平均薪资 国家之间数据统计 #查看分组 mysql> select @@global.sql_mode; +--------------------+ | @@global.sql_mode | +--------------------+ | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY | +--------------------+ # 设置分组 mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY'; # 建表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum("male","female") not null default "male", age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, depart_id int ); # 插入数据 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values ('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部 ('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1), ('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1), ('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1), ('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1), ('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1), ('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1), ('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1), ('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门 ('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2), ('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2), ('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2), ('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2), ('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门 ('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3), ('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3), ('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3), ('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3); 按照部门分组 select * from employee group by post; # 案例 取出每个部门的平均薪资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; # select 只能看到分组字段以及聚合的结果 # 案例 取出每个部门的员工数 select post,count(id) from employee group by post; 求男人数与女人数 select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex; 求年龄在20岁以上的男人数与女人数 select sex,count(id) from employee where age > 20 group by sex; 求每个部门20岁以上人的平均薪资 select post,avg(salary) from employee where age > 20 group by post; 用group_concat可以看到name和age的值 select post,group_concat(name,":",age) from employee group by post; 聚合函数整体使用 select post,avg(salary),max(salary),min(age),count(id),sum(age) from employee group by post; # 分组注意事项 关键字where和group by同时出现的时候group by必须在where的后面 (聚合函数只能在分组之后使用) where先对整体数据进行过滤之后再分组操作 where筛选条件不能使用聚合函数 select max(salary) from employee; # 不分组 默认整体就是一组 # having分组之后的筛选条件 having的语法跟where是一致的 只不过having是再分组之后进行的过滤操作 即having是可以直接使用聚合函数的 # 案例 查出平均薪资在10000以上的部门 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000; 查出部门内男员工平均工资在3000以上的部门 select post,avg(salary) from employee where sex="male" group by post having avg(salary) > 3000; # order by 排序 select * from employee order by age; select * from employee order by age asc; # 同上命令的意思一样(升序) select * from employee order by age desc; # 降序 order by 默认是升序(从低到高) asc 该asc可以省略不写 也可以修改为降序(从高到低) desc # 案例 查出部门内男员工平均工资在3000以上的部门升序排序 select post,avg(salary) from employee where sex="male" group by post having avg(salary) > 3000 order by avg(salary); # 先按age字段排,在按id字段排(在age分不出胜负的时候按id子段排) select * from employee order by age asc,id desc; # limit限制展示条数 select * from employee; # 该命令是将所有的数据都展示出来 针对数据过多的情况,我们通常都做分页处理 select * from employee limit 3; # 只展示emp表中的3条数据 select * from employee limit 0,5; # 展示1-5的数据 select * from employee limit 5,5; # 展示6-10的数据 第一个参数是起始位置 第二个参数是展示条数(分页展示) # 取出薪资最高那个人的信息 select * from employee order by salary desc limit 1;
单表查询详解
多表查询(select查询的是虚拟表)
- 多表连接查询
- 复合条件连接查询
- 子查询
# 准备表 mysql> create database db4; mysql> use db4; #建部门表 create table department( id int, name varchar(20) ); #建员工表 create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', age int, dep_id int ); #插入数据 insert into department values (200,'技术'), (201,'人力资源'), (202,'销售'), (203,'运营'); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values ('egon','male',18,200), ('alex','female',48,201), ('wupeiqi','male',38,201), ('yuanhao','female',28,202), ('liwenzhou','male',18,200), ('jingliyang','female',18,204) ; #查看表结构和数据 desc department; desc employee; select * from department; select * from employee;
连接查询
#1 交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积 #两张表拼接成一张大表(虚拟表) 假设集合A={a, b},集合B={0, 1, 2},则两个集合的笛卡尔积为{(a, 0), (a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 0),(b, 1), (b, 2)} select * from employee,department; #2 内连接:只保留有对应关系的记录 (常用) # inner join 将表进行拼接,找两张表共有的部分,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果 select * from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id; # left join:左连接 将表进行拼接,以左表为准,优先显示左表全部记录 select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id; # right join 右连接:将表进行拼接,以右表为准,优先显示右表全部记录 select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id; # 全外连接: union (了解) select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
多表连接查询案例
#分析步骤: 1)#先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id) 2)#再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id) #foreign key的对应关系 #多对一: 如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表 如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表 #多对多 如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系 #一对一: 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
# 多表合成一张虚拟表 然后根据单表查询 可以用 where group by ...... # 建作者表 create table author( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); # 建作者书表 create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); #建关联表 create table author2book( id int primary key auto_increment, author_id int not null, book_id int not null, foreign key(author_id) references author(id) on delete cascade on update cascade, foreign key(book_id) references book(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); # 插入数据 insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq'); insert into book(name) values ('九阳神功'), ('九阴真经'), ('九阴白骨爪'), ('独孤九剑'), ('降龙十巴掌'), ('葵花宝典') ; insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,6), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1) ; # 两张表拼接成一张表查询 select * from author inner join author2book on author.id = author2book.author_id inner join book on author2book.book_id = book.id; +----+---------+----+-----------+---------+----+-----------------+ | id | name | id | author_id | book_id | id | name | +----+---------+----+-----------+---------+----+-----------------+ | 1 | egon | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 九阳神功 | | 1 | egon | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 九阴真经 | | 1 | egon | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 九阴白骨爪 | | 1 | egon | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 独孤九剑 | | 1 | egon | 5 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 降龙十巴掌 | | 1 | egon | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 葵花宝典 | | 2 | alex | 7 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 九阳神功 | | 2 | alex | 8 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 葵花宝典 | | 3 | yuanhao | 9 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 独孤九剑 | | 3 | yuanhao | 10 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 降龙十巴掌 | | 3 | yuanhao | 11 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 葵花宝典 | | 4 | wpq | 12 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 九阳神功 | +----+---------+----+-----------+---------+----+-----------------+ # 查询技术部的员工姓名 select employee.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id where department.name = "技术"; # 查询平均年龄大于25岁的部门名 select department.name,avg(age) from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id group by department.name having avg(age) > 25 ;
多表连接查询之物理表和虚拟表链接
use db3; select * from employee; # 案例 查询每个部门最新入职的哪些员工? # 插入数据 insert employee values(19,"tom","male",19,"2017-03-01","老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 ",3000); #查看整表 mysql> select * from employee; #找到最大时间(最新时间) mysql> select post,max(hire_date) from employee group by post; select * from employee inner join (select post,max(hire_date) from employee group by post) as t1 on employee.post = t1.post #as 定义别名 select employee.name,employee.hire_date,employee.post,t1.m_d from employee inner join (select post,max(hire_date) as m_d from employee group by post) as t1 on employee.post = t1.post where employee.hire_date = t1.m_d; +--------+------------+------------------------------------------+------------+ | name | hire_date | post | m_d | +--------+------------+------------------------------------------+------------+ | egon | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 2017-03-01 | | alex | 2015-03-02 | teacher | 2015-03-02 | | 格格 | 2017-01-27 | sale | 2017-01-27 | | 张野 | 2016-03-11 | operation | 2016-03-11 | | tom | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使 | 2017-03-01 | +--------+------------+------------------------------------------+------------+
子查询
#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。 #2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。 #3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字 #4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等 #案例 use db4; mysql> select id from department where name = "技术" # 子查询 mysql> select * from employee where dep_id = (select id from department where name = "技术""); #查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25; select name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id) mysql> select distinct dep_id from employee; #先查有人的表 select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee); #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 select avg(age) from employee; #先查所有人的平均年龄 select name,age from employee where age > (select avg(age) from employee); #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 select t1.name,t1.age from employee t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from employee group by dep_id) t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
带in关键字的子查询
#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名 select id,name from department where id in (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25); #查看技术部员工姓名 select name from employee where dep_id in (select id from department where name='技术'); #查看不足1人的部门名(子查询得到的是有人的部门id) select name from department where id not in (select distinct dep_id from employee);
not in 无法处理null的值,即子查询中如果存在null的值,not in将无法处理,如下 mysql> select * from emp; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | | 7 | xxx | male | 19 | NULL | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from dep; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技术 | | 201 | 人力资源 | | 202 | 销售 | | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) # 子查询中存在null mysql> select * from dep where id not in (select distinct dep_id from emp); Empty set (0.00 sec) # 解决方案如下 mysql> select * from dep where id not in (select distinct dep_id from emp where dep_id is not null); +------+--------+ | id | name | +------+--------+ | 203 | 运营 | +------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) !!!注意not in
带ANY关键字的子查询
#在 SQL 中 ANY 和 SOME 是同义词,SOME 的用法和功能和 ANY 一模一样。 # ANY 和 IN 运算符不同之处1 ANY 必须和其他的比较运算符共同使用,而且ANY必须将比较运算符放在 ANY 关键字之前,所比较的值需要匹配子查询中的任意一个值,这也就是 ANY 在英文中所表示的意义 例如:使用 IN 和使用 ANY运算符得到的结果是一致的 select * from employee where salary = any ( select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id); select * from employee where salary in ( select max(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 结论:也就是说“=ANY”等价于 IN 运算符,而“<>ANY”则等价于 NOT IN 运算符 # ANY和 IN 运算符不同之处2 ANY 运算符不能与固定的集合相匹配,比如下面的 SQL 语句是错误的 SELECT * FROM T_Book WHERE FYearPublished < ANY (2001, 2003, 2005)
带ALL关键字的子查询
# all同any类似,只不过all表示的是所有,any表示任一 查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都高的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以上的狗币资本家 select * from employee where salary > all ( select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 查询出那些薪资比所有部门的平均薪资都低的员工=》薪资在所有部门平均线以下的无产阶级劳苦大众 select * from employee where salary < all ( select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资低的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以下的员工select * from employee where salary < any ( select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id); 查询出那些薪资比任意一个部门的平均薪资高的员工=》薪资在任一部门平均线以上的员工 select * from employee where salary > any ( select avg(salary) from employee group by depart_id);
带比较运算符的子查询
#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<> #查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄 mysql> select name,age from emp where age > (select avg(age) from emp); +---------+------+ | name | age | +---------+------+ | alex | 48 | | wupeiqi | 38 | +---------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) #查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄 select t1.name,t1.age from emp t1 inner join (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2 on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id where t1.age > t2.avg_age;
带EXISTS关键字的子查询
EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询
#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=200); +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ #department表中存在dept_id=205,False mysql> select * from employee -> where exists -> (select id from department where id=204); Empty set (0.00 sec)
逻辑梳理图
作业
作业详细连接
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