Linux云计算-05_Linux软件包管理
2021/7/12 8:05:56
本文主要是介绍Linux云计算-05_Linux软件包管理，对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值，需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧！
本章介绍Linux系统软件的安装、卸载、配置、维护以及如何构建企业本地YUM光盘源及HTTP本地源。
1 RPM软件包管理
Linux软件包管理大致可分为二进制包、源码包，使用的工具也各不相同。Linux常见软件包分为两种，分别是源代码包（Source Code）、二进制包（Binary Code），源代码包是没有经过编译的包，需要经过GCC、C++编译器环境编译才能运行，二进制包无需编译，可以直接安装使用。
通常而言，可以通过后缀简单区别源码包和二进制包，例如.tar.gz、.zip、.rar结尾的包通常称之为源码包，以.rpm结尾的软件包称之为二进制包。真正区分是否为源码还是二进制还得基于代码里面的文件来判断，例如包含.h、.c、.cpp、.cc等结尾的源码文件，称之为源码包，而代码里面存在bin目录可以执行文件，称之为二进制包。
CentOS操作系统中有一款默认软件管理的工具，红帽包管理工具（Red Hat Package Manager，RPM）。
使用RPM工具可以对软件包实现快速安装、管理及维护。RPM管理工具适用的操作系统包括：CentOS，RedHat，Fedora，SUSE等，RPM工具常用于管理.rpm后缀结尾的软件包。
RPM软件包命令规则详解如下：
RPM包命名格式为： name-version.rpm name-version-noarch.rpm name-version-arch.src.rpm 如下软件包格式： epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm perl-Pod-Plainer-1.03-1.el6.noarch.rpm 以yasm-1.2.0-4.el7.x86_64.rpm为列解析如下： RPM包格式解析如下： name 软件名称，例如yasm、perl-pod-Plainer； version 版本号，1.2.0通用格式：“主版本号.次版本号.修正号”； 4表示是发布版本号，该RPM包是第几次编译生成的； arch 适用的硬件平台，RPM支持的平台有：i386、i586、i686、x86_64、sparc、alpha等。 .rpm 后缀包表示编译好的二进制包，可用rpm命令直接安装； .src.rpm 源代码包，源码编译生成.rpm格式的RPM包方可使用； el* 软件包发行版本，el6表示该软件包适用于RHEL 6.x/CentOS 6.x； devel： 开发包； noarch： 软件包可以在任何平台上安装。
RPM工具命令详解如下：
RPM 选项 PACKAGE_NAME -a, --all 查询所有已安装软件包； -q，--query 表示询问用户，输出信息； -l, --list 打印软件包的列表； -f, --file FILE查询包含FILE的软件包； -i, --info 显示软件包信息，包括名称，版本，描述； -v, --verbose 打印输出详细信息； -U, --upgrade 升级RPM软件包； -h,--hash 软件安装，可以打印安装进度条； --last 列出软件包时，以安装时间排序，最新的在上面； -e, --erase 卸载rpm软件包 --force 表示强制，强制安装或者卸载； --nodeps RPM包不依赖 -l, --list 列出软件包中的文件； --provides 列出软件包提供的特性； -R, --requires 列出软件包依赖的其它软件包； --scripts 列出软件包自定义的小程序。
RPM企业案例演示：
# 检查sysstat包是否安装； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -q sysstat package sysstat is not installed [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 安装sysstat软件包； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ivh sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%] [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 查看软件安装的路径； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ql sysstat /etc/cron.d/sysstat /etc/sysconfig/sysstat /etc/sysconfig/sysstat.ioconf /usr/bin/cifsiostat /usr/bin/iostat /usr/bin/mpstat /usr/bin/nfsiostat-sysstat /usr/bin/pidstat /usr/bin/sadf /usr/bin/sar /usr/bin/tapestat .......... # 查看软件安装的版本信息； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qi sysstat Name : sysstat Version : 10.1.5 Release : 17.el7 Architecture: x86_64 Install Date: Sat 10 Jul 2021 06:46:49 AM CST Group : Applications/System Size : 1172947 License : GPLv2+ Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:47:27 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 04:04:26 AM CST Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/ Summary : Collection of performance monitoring tools for Linux Description : The sysstat package contains sar, sadf, mpstat, iostat, pidstat, nfsiostat-sysstat, tapestat, cifsiostat and sa tools for Linux. .......... # 卸载sysstat软件； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep sysstat sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -e sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 升级sysstat软件； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -Uvh sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%] [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 检查sysstat相关的软件包是否安装； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep sysstat sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 强制卸载sysstat； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -e --nodeps sysstat [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 不依赖其它软件包； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# rpm -ivh --nodeps sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64.rpm Preparing... ################################# [100%] Updating / installing... 1:sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7 ################################# [100%] [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
2 Tar软件包管理
Linux操作系统除了使用RPM管理工具对软件包管理之外，还可以通过tar、zip、jar等工具进行源码包的管理。
2.1 Tar命令参数详解
-A, --catenate, --concatenate 将存档与已有的存档合并 -c, --create 建立新的存档 -d, --diff, --compare 比较存档与当前文件的不同之处 --delete 从存档中删除 -r, --append 附加到存档结尾 -t, --list 列出存档中文件的目录 -u, --update 仅将较新的文件附加到存档中 -x, --extract, --get 解压文件 -j, --bzip2, --bunzip2 有bz2属性的软件包； -z, --gzip, --ungzip 有gz属性的软件包； -b, --block-size N 指定块大小为Nx512字节（缺省时 N=20)； -B, --read-full-blocks 读取时重组块； -C, --directory DIR 指定新的目录； --checkpoint 读取存档时显示目录名； -f, --file [HOSTNAME:]F 指定存档或设备，后接文件名称； --force-local 强制使用本地存档，即使存在克隆； -G, --incremental 建立老GNU格式的备份； -g, --listed-incremental 建立新GNU格式的备份； -h, --dereference 不转储动态链接，转储动态链接指向的文件； -i, --ignore-zeros 忽略存档中的0字节块（通常意味着文件结束）； --ignore-failed-read 在不可读文件中作0标记后再退出； -k, --keep-old-files 保存现有文件；从存档中展开时不进行覆盖； -K, --starting-file F 从存档文件F开始； -l, --one-file-system 在本地文件系统中创建存档； -L, --tape-length N 在写入N*1024个字节后暂停，等待更换磁盘； -m, --modification-time 当从一个档案中恢复文件时，不使用新的时间标签； -M, --multi-volume 建立多卷存档,以便在几个磁盘中存放； -O, --to-stdout 将文件展开到标准输出； -P, --absolute-paths 不要从文件名中去除'/'； -v, --verbose 详细显示处理的文件； --version 显示tar程序的版本号； --exclude FILE不把指定文件包含在内； -X, --exclude-from FILE 从指定文件中读入不想包含的文件的列表。
2.2.1 TAR命令实战
# 查看keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz包中内容； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz keepalived-2.2.2/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reload keepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-sh keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missing keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compile keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcomp keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-lib keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/ keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.am keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in .......... # 解压keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz程序包； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -xvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz keepalived-2.2.2/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reload keepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-sh keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missing keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compile keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcomp keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-lib keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/ keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.am keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in keepalived-2.2.2/snap/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yaml keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refresh keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install keepalived-2.2.2/INSTALL keepalived-2.2.2/doc/ keepalived-2.2.2/doc/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/ keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/man8/ ........ # 打包keepalived文件或者目录，打包后名称keepalived-2.2.2.tar； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -cvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar keepalived-2.2.2 keepalived-2.2.2/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reload keepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-sh keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missing keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compile keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcomp keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-lib keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/ keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.am keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in keepalived-2.2.2/snap/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yaml keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refresh keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install keepalived-2.2.2/INSTALL keepalived-2.2.2/doc/ keepalived-2.2.2/doc/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/ keepalived-2.2.2/doc/man/man8/ ........ # 将a.txt文件追加到keepalived-2.2.2.tar中； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -rf keepalived-2.2.2.tar abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar | grep abc.txt abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 使用gzip格式打包并压缩keepalived-2.2.2目录； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -czvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz keepalived-2.2.2 keepalived-2.2.2/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reload keepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-sh keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missing keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compile keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcomp keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-lib keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/ keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.am keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in keepalived-2.2.2/snap/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yaml keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refresh keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install ......... # 使用bzip2格式打包并压缩superman目录； [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -cjvf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.bz2 keepalived-2.2.2 keepalived-2.2.2/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/ keepalived-2.2.2/tools/timed_reload keepalived-2.2.2/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/install-sh keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/missing keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/compile keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/depcomp keepalived-2.2.2/build-aux/ar-lib keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/ keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.in keepalived-2.2.2/bin_install/Makefile.am keepalived-2.2.2/keepalived.spec.in keepalived-2.2.2/snap/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/snapcraft.yaml keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/ keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/post-refresh keepalived-2.2.2/snap/hooks/install .......... # 使用gzip格式打包并压缩当前目录所有文件，排除abc.txt中记录的文件； [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# ls abc.txt keepalived-2.2.2 [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar -czf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz * -X abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz | grep abc.txt abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# # 使用gzip格式打包并压当前目录所有文件及目录，排除abc.txt。 [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# ls abc.txt keepalived-2.2.2 [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar -czf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz * --exclude=abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]# tar tf keepalived-2.2.2.tar.gz | grep abc.txt [root@superman-vm01 ceshi]#
3 源码包软件安装
通常使用RPM工具管理.rpm结尾的二进制包，而标准的.zip、tar结尾的源代码包则不能使用RPM工具去安装、卸载及升级，源码包安装有三个步骤，如下：
./configure 预编译，主要用于检测系统基准环境库是否满足，生成MakeFile文件； make 编译，基于第一步生成的makefile文件，进行源代码的编译； make install 安装，编译完毕之后，将相关的可运行文件安装至系统中； 使用make编译时，Linux操作系统必须有GCC编译器，用于编译源码。
源码包安装通常需要./configure、make、make install三个步骤，某些特殊源码可以只有三步中的其中一个步骤，或者两个步骤。
3.1 源码安装实战
以CentOS 7 Linux系统为基准，在其上安装Nginx源码包，企业中源码安装的详细步骤如下：
1、nginx.org官网下载nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz包 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz --2021-07-10 07:43:34-- http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz Resolving nginx.org (nginx.org)... 52.58.199.22, 3.125.197.172, 2a05:d014:edb:5702::6, ... Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... Read error (Connection reset by peer) in headers. Retrying. --2021-07-10 07:43:35-- (try: 2) http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 887908 (867K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’ 57% [=====================> ] 507,913 --.-K/s in 16m 50s 2021-07-10 08:00:26 (503 B/s) - Read error at byte 507913/887908 (Connection timed out). Retrying. --2021-07-10 08:00:28-- (try: 3) http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz Connecting to nginx.org (nginx.org)|52.58.199.22|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 206 Partial Content Length: 887908 (867K), 379995 (371K) remaining [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’ 100%[++++++++++++++++++++++================>] 887,908 6.46KB/s in 52s 2021-07-10 08:01:20 (7.11 KB/s) - ‘nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz’ saved [887908/887908] [root@superman-vm01 ~]# 2、Nginx源码包解压 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# tar -xvf nginx-1.19.9.tar.gz nginx-1.19.9/ nginx-1.19.9/auto/ nginx-1.19.9/conf/ nginx-1.19.9/contrib/ nginx-1.19.9/src/ nginx-1.19.9/configure nginx-1.19.9/LICENSE nginx-1.19.9/README nginx-1.19.9/html/ nginx-1.19.9/man/ nginx-1.19.9/CHANGES.ru nginx-1.19.9/CHANGES nginx-1.19.9/man/nginx.8 nginx-1.19.9/html/50x.html nginx-1.19.9/html/index.html nginx-1.19.9/src/core/ .......... 3、源码Configure预编译，需进入解压后的目录执行./configure指令，分号“；”表示连接多个命令。 [root@superman-vm01 ~]# cd nginx-1.19.9/;./configure checking for OS + Linux 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 x86_64 checking for C compiler ... found + using GNU C compiler + gcc version: 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found checking for gcc builtin atomic operations ... found checking for C99 variadic macros ... found checking for gcc variadic macros ... found checking for unistd.h ... found checking for inttypes.h ... found checking for limits.h ... found checking for sys/filio.h ... not found checking for sys/param.h ... found checking for sys/mount.h ... found checking for sys/statvfs.h ... found checking for crypt.h ... found checking for Linux specific features checking for epoll ... found checking for EPOLLRDHUP ... found ........... 5、make install安装 [root@superman-vm01 nginx-1.19.9]# make install make -f objs/Makefile install make[1]: Entering directory `/root/nginx-1.19.9' test -d '/usr/local/nginx' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/sbin' test ! -f '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' || mv '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.old' cp objs/nginx '/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/conf' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-win '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/koi-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/win-utf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types' || cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/mime.types '/usr/local/nginx/conf/mime.types.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' || cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/fastcgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' || cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params' || cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/uwsgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params' || cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf' cp conf/scgi_params '/usr/local/nginx/conf/scgi_params.default' test -f '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' || cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' cp conf/nginx.conf '/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/html' || cp -R html '/usr/local/nginx' test -d '/usr/local/nginx/logs' || mkdir -p '/usr/local/nginx/logs' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/nginx-1.19.9' [root@superman-vm01 nginx-1.19.9]#
通过以上五个步骤，源码包软件安装成功，源码包在编译及安装时，可能会遇到各种错误，需要把错误解决之后，然后再进行下一步安装即可，后面章节会重点针对企业使用的软件进行案例演练。
4 YUM软件包管理
前端软件包管理器（Yellow Updater Modified，YUM）适用于CentOS、Fedora、RedHat及SUSE中的Shell命令行，主要用于管理RPM包，于RPM工具使用范围类似，YUM工具能够从指定的服务器自动下载RPM包并且安装，还可以自动处理依赖性关系。
使用RPM工具管理和安装软件时，会发现rpm包有依赖，需要逐个手动下载安装，而YUM工具的最大便利就是可以自动安装所有依赖的软件包，从而提升效率，节省时间。
4.1 YUM工作原理
学习YUM，一定要理解YUM工作原理，YUM正常运行，需要依赖两个部分，一是YUM源端，二是YUM客户端，也即用户使用端。
YUM客户端安装的所有RPM包都是来自YUM服务端，YUM源端通过HTTP或者FTP服务器发布。而YUM客户端能够从YUM源端下载依赖的RPM包是由于在YUM源端生成了RPM包的基准信息，包括RPM包版本号、配置文件、二进制信息、依赖关系等。
YUM客户端需要安装软件或者搜索软件，会查找/etc/yum.repos.d下以.repo结尾文件，CentOS Linux默认的.repo文件名为CentOS-Base.repo，该文件中配置了YUM源端的镜像地址，所以每次安装、升级RPM包，YUM客户端均会查找.repo文件。
YUM客户端如果配置了CentOS官方repo源，客户端操作系统必须能联外网，满足网络条件，才能下载软件并安装，如果没有网络，也可以构建光盘源或者内部YUM源。在只要YUM客户端时，YUM客户端安装软件，默认会把YUM源地址、Header信息、软件包、数据库信息、缓存文件存储在/var/cache/yum中，每次使用YUM工具，YUM优先通过Cache查找相关软件包，Cache中不存在，然后在访问外网YUM源。
4.2 YUM参数详解
由于YUM工具的使用简便、快捷、高效，在企业中得到广泛的使用，得到众多IT运维、程序人员的青睐，要能熟练使用YUM工具，需要先掌握YUM命令行参数的使用，如下为YUM命令工具的参数详解及实战步骤：
YUM命令工具指南，YUM格式为：
YUM [command] [package] -y|-q 其中的[options]是可选。-y安装或者卸载出现YES时，自动确认yes；-q不显示安装的过程。
yum install sysstat 安装sysstat软件包；
yum reinstall sysstat 重新安装sysstat软件包
yum search sysstat YUM搜索软件包；
yum list sysstat 显示指定程序包安装情况sysstat；
yum list 显示所有已安装及可安装的软件包；
yum remove sysstat 删除程序包sysstat；
yum erase sysstat 删除程序包sysstat；
yum update 内核升级或者软件更新；
yum update sysstat 更新sysstat软件；
yum check-update 检查可更新的程序；
yum info sysstat 显示安装包信息sysstat；
yum provides 列出软件包提供哪些文件；
yum provides "*/rz" 列出rz命令由哪个软件包提供；
yum grouplist 询可以用groupinstall安装的组名称；
yum groupinstall "Chinese Support" 安装中文支持；
yum groupremove "Chinese Support" 删除程序组Chinese Support；
yum deplist sysstat 查看程序sysstat依赖情况；
yum clean packages 清除缓存目录下的软件包；
yum clean headers 清除缓存目录下的headers；
yum clean all 清除缓存目录下的软件包及旧的headers。
yum repolist {all|enabled|disabled} 列出所有/已启用/已禁用的yum源
yum list {all|installed|avaliable} 列出所有/已安装/可安装的软件包
4.2.1 YUM安装实战
1、基于CentOS 7 Linux，执行命令yum install sysstat -y，安装sysstat服务
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install sysstat -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.cn99.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-17.el7 will be updated ---> Package sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-19.el7 will be an update --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Updating: sysstat x86_64 10.1.5-19.el7 base 315 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Upgrade 1 Package Total size: 315 k Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum. Updating : sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 1/2 Cleanup : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 2/2 Verifying : sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 1/2 Verifying : sysstat-10.1.5-17.el7.x86_64 2/2 Updated: sysstat.x86_64 0:10.1.5-19.el7 Complete! [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
2、执行命令yum grouplist，检查groupinstall的软件组名
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum grouplist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks There is no installed groups file. Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum) Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn * extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn Available Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative Workstation Available Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Development Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System Management Done [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
3、执行命令yum groupinstall “GNOME Desktop” -y，安装Linux图像界面
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop" -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks There is no installed groups file. Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum) Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn Warning: Group core does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group gnome-desktop does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group guest-agents does not have any packages to install. Package gtk2-immodule-xim-2.24.31-1.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version Warning: Group guest-desktop-agents does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group fonts does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group print-client does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group desktop-debugging does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group dial-up does not have any packages to install. Package gstreamer1-plugins-bad-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package gstreamer1-plugins-good-1.10.4-2.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version Package gstreamer1-plugins-ugly-free-1.10.4-3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version Warning: Group multimedia does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group base does not have any packages to install. Group base does have 1 conditional packages, which may get installed. Warning: Group internet-browser does not have any packages to install. Warning: Group x11 does not have any packages to install. Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package NetworkManager-bluetooth.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 will be installed .........
4、执行命令yum install sysstat php php-devel php-mysql mariadb mariadb-server -y，安装中小企业LAMP架构环境
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install sysstat php php-devel php-mysql mariadb mariadb-server -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.cn99.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com Package sysstat-10.1.5-19.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mariadb.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: mariadb-libs(x86-64) = 1:5.5.68-1.el7 for package: 1:mariadb-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64 ---> Package mariadb-server.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: perl-DBD-MySQL for package: 1:mariadb-server-5.5.68-1.el7.x86_64 ---> Package php.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: php-common(x86-64) = 5.4.16-48.el7 for package: php-5.4.16-48.el7.x86_64 ..........
5、执行命令yum remove ntpdate -y，卸载ntpdate软件包
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum remove ntpdate -yLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package ntpdate.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 will be erased--> Processing Dependency: ntpdate = 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 for package: ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64--> Running transaction check---> Package ntp.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 will be erased--> Processing Dependency: ntp for package: ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64--> Running transaction check---> Package ipa-client.x86_64 0:4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 will be erased--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size================================================================================Removing: ntpdate x86_64 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 @base 121 kRemoving for dependencies: ipa-client x86_64 4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 @updates 255 k ntp x86_64 4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 @base 1.4 MTransaction Summary================================================================================Remove 1 Package (+2 Dependent packages)Installed size: 1.7 MDownloading packages:Running transaction checkRunning transaction testTransaction test succeededRunning transaction Erasing : ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64 1/3 Erasing : ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 2/3 Erasing : ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 3/3 Verifying : ntp-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 1/3 Verifying : ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 2/3 Verifying : ipa-client-4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6.x86_64 3/3 Removed: ntpdate.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2 Dependency Removed: ipa-client.x86_64 0:4.6.8-5.el7.centos.6 ntp.x86_64 0:4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2Complete![root@superman-vm01 ~]#
6、执行命令yum provides rz或者yum provides “*/rz”，查找rz命令的提供者
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum provides rzLoaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn * extras: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.bfsu.edu.cnextras/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 235 kB 00:00 updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db | 5.1 MB 00:04 lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : baseMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rzlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : @anacondaMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rz[root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum provides "*/rz"Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacksLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.comlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : baseMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rzlrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programsRepo : @anacondaMatched from:Filename : /usr/bin/rz[root@superman-vm01 ~]#
7、执行命令yum update -y，升级Linux所有可更新的软件包或Linux内核升级
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum update -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package GeoIP.x86_64 0:1.5.0-13.el7 will be updated ---> Package GeoIP.x86_64 0:1.5.0-14.el7 will be an update --> Processing Dependency: geoipupdate for package: GeoIP-1.5.0-14.el7.x86_64 ---> Package ModemManager.x86_64 0:1.6.10-1.el7 will be updated ---> Package ModemManager.x86_64 0:1.6.10-4.el7 will be an update ---> Package ModemManager-glib.x86_64 0:1.6.10-1.el7 will be updated ---> Package ModemManager-glib.x86_64 0:1.6.10-4.el7 will be an update ---> Package PackageKit.x86_64 0:1.1.10-1.el7.centos will be updated ---> Package PackageKit.x86_64 0:1.1.10-2.el7.centos will be an update ...........
4.3 配置网络源
# 安装163的yum源： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo --2021-07-10 17:07:57-- http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo Resolving mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)... 1.193.221.38, 124.116.156.215, 124.116.156.214, ... Connecting to mirrors.163.com (mirrors.163.com)|1.193.221.38|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 1572 (1.5K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo’ 100%[======================================>] 1,572 --.-K/s in 0s 2021-07-10 17:07:57 (76.7 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo’ saved [1572/1572] [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 安装阿里云的yum源： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo --2021-07-10 17:08:52-- http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 1.180.14.242, 1.180.14.241, 1.180.14.248, ... Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|1.180.14.242|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 2523 (2.5K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ 100%[======================================>] 2,523 --.-K/s in 0s 2021-07-10 17:08:52 (384 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo’ saved [2523/2523] [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
# 搜狐没有现成的yum源文件下载，需要自己配置： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# echo "[sohu] name=Centos-$releasever-sohu baseurl=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=http://mirrors.sohu.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-$releasever" > /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-souhu.repo [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum makecache Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
4.4 配置本地源
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom [root@superman-vm01 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom echo "[local] name=centos-$releasever-local baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7" > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-7-local.repomount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@superman-vm01 ~]# echo "[local] name=centos-$releasever-local baseurl=file:///mnt/cdrom gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///mnt/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7" > /etc/yum.repos.d/centos-7-local.repo [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
4.5 自动配置仓库
# 安装yum的扩展包： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install yum-utils -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com base | 3.6 kB 00:00 extras | 2.9 kB 00:00 local | 3.6 kB 00:00 updates | 2.9 kB 00:00 # 自动配置国内epel仓库： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --add-repo=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/ Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration adding repo from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/ [mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_] name=added from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/ baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/ enabled=1 [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
4.6 禁用/启用仓库
# epel 是仓库的id [epel] [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --disable epel Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration [root@superman-vm01 ~]# [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum-config-manager --enable epel Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration [root@superman-vm01 ~]# # 查看仓库状态： [root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum repolist all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository 'sohu' is missing name in configuration, using id Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile repo id repo name status C7.0.1406-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base disabled C7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.0.1406-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Extras disabled C7.0.1406-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Fasttrack disabled C7.0.1406-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Updates disabled C7.1.1503-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Base disabled C7.1.1503-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.1.1503-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Extras disabled C7.1.1503-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Fasttrack disabled C7.1.1503-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Updates disabled C7.2.1511-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Base disabled C7.2.1511-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.2.1511-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Extras disabled C7.2.1511-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Fasttrack disabled C7.2.1511-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Updates disabled C7.3.1611-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Base disabled C7.3.1611-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.3.1611-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Extras disabled C7.3.1611-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Fasttrack disabled C7.3.1611-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.3.1611 - Updates disabled C7.4.1708-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Base disabled C7.4.1708-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.4.1708-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Extras disabled C7.4.1708-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Fasttrack disabled C7.4.1708-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.4.1708 - Updates disabled C7.5.1804-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Base disabled C7.5.1804-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.5.1804-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Extras disabled C7.5.1804-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Fasttrack disabled C7.5.1804-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.5.1804 - Updates disabled C7.6.1810-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Base disabled C7.6.1810-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.6.1810-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Extras disabled C7.6.1810-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Fasttrack disabled C7.6.1810-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.6.1810 - Updates disabled C7.7.1908-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Base disabled C7.7.1908-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.7.1908-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Extras disabled C7.7.1908-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Fasttrack disabled C7.7.1908-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.7.1908 - Updates disabled C7.8.2003-base/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Base disabled C7.8.2003-centosplus/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - CentOSPlus disabled C7.8.2003-extras/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Extras disabled C7.8.2003-fasttrack/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Fasttrack disabled C7.8.2003-updates/x86_64 CentOS-7.8.2003 - Updates disabled base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base - mirrors.aliyun. enabled: 0 base-debuginfo/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Debuginfo disabled base-source/7 CentOS-7 - Base Sources disabled c7-media CentOS-7 - Media disabled centos-kernel/7/x86_64 CentOS LTS Kernels for x86_64 disabled centos-kernel-experimental/7/x86_64 CentOS Experimental Kernels for x disabled centosplus/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Plus - mirrors.aliyun. disabled centosplus-source/7 CentOS-7 - Plus Sources disabled contrib/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Contrib - mirrors.aliy disabled cr/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - cr disabled extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras - mirrors.aliyu enabled: 0 extras-source/7 CentOS-7 - Extras Sources disabled fasttrack/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - fasttrack disabled sohu sohu enabled: 0 updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates - mirrors.aliy enabled: 0 updates-source/7 CentOS-7 - Updates Sources disabled repolist: 0 [root@superman-vm01 ~]#
5. 同步外网源
在企业实际应用场景中，仅仅靠光盘里面的RPM软件包是不能满足需要，我们可以把外网的YUM源中的所有软件包同步至本地，可以完善本地YUM源的软件包数量及完整性。
5.1 安装reposync工具
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# yum install yum-utils createrepo -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.aliyun.com * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_ | 4.7 kB 00:00 (1/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/group_g | 96 kB 00:00 (2/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/updatei | 1.0 MB 00:04 (3/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/primary | 6.9 MB 00:07
5.2 同步源
# 创建本地目录:
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# mkdir /data/{centos,epel}
[root@superman-vm01 ~]#
# 同步yum源：
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# reposync -r base -r updates -p /data/centos/
Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration
Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration
No Presto metadata available for base
389-ds-base-1.3.10.2-6.el7.x86 FAILED
389-ds-base-devel-1.3.10.2-6.e FAILED
(1/10072): 389-ds-base-snmp-1.3.10.2-6.el7.x86_64.rpm | 178 kB 00:00
(2/10072): ElectricFence-2.2.2-39.el7.i686.rpm | 35 kB 00:00
(3/10072): ElectricFence-2.2.2-39.el7.x86_64.rpm | 35 kB 00:00
(4/10072): GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.i686.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:01
(5/10072): Cython-0.19-5.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.9 MB 00:03
(6/10072): GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.0 MB 00:01
(7/10072): GConf2-devel-3.2.6-8.el7.i686.rpm | 110 kB 00:00
(8/10072): GConf2-devel-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 110 kB 00:00
.........
# 生成元数据：
[root@superman-vm01 ~]# createrepo /data/centos
[root@superman-vm01 ~]#
# 结合前面所学制作本地源，如果想让其它服务器使用该源，后面可以结合nginx发布。
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