Docker熟悉到安装到使用
2021/7/20 23:36:04
本文主要是介绍Docker熟悉到安装到使用，对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值，需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧！
Docker的安装
我安装的环境是CentOS 7 的Linux ,以下是Linux下的命令,来自官方文档。
# 1.安装所需的包
yum install -y yum-utils
# 2.设置镜像仓库
yum-config-manager \
--add-repo \
https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo #国外地址
yum-config-manager \
--add-repo \
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo #阿里云
#3. 更新yum软件包索引
yum makecache fast
#4.安装docker docker-ce社区版 ee是企业版
yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
#5.启动Docker
systemctl start docker
#6.验证Docker是否成功
docker version
# 7.hello-world
docker run hello-world
# 8.查看下载的hello-world镜像
docker images
卸载docker
# 1.卸载依赖
yum remove docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
# 2.删除资源
rm -rf /var/lib/docker #docker默认工作路径
rm -rf /var/lib/containerd
阿里云镜像加速器
为了镜像速度，可以在阿里云后台配置一下镜像加速器。
1、登陆阿里云
2、阿里云后台--》弹性计算--》容器加速器--》阿里云镜像加速器
以上红框内的指令 ，直接复制到Linux执行就得啦。
Docker原理
Docker流程图
下图提及到DockerHub的概念，就是官方的仓库里会放着许多不同版本的镜像。只有在本机找不到的时候会从dockerHub查找，都没有就会返回错误信息了。
底层原理
Docker是一个Client-Server结构的系统，Docker的守护进程运行在主机上，通过Socket从客户端访问。DockerServer接收到Docke-Cilent的指令，就会执行该指令。
Docker为什么会比VM快？
1、Docker有着比虚拟机更少的抽象层，由于Docker不需要Hypervisor实现硬件资源虚拟化，运行在Docker容器上的程序直接使用的都是实际物理机的硬件资源，因此在Cpu、内存利用率上Docker将会在效率上有明显优势。
2、Docker利用的是宿主机的内核，而不需要Guest OS，因此，当新建一个容器时，Docker不需要和虚拟机一样重新加载一个操作系统，避免了引导、加载操作系统内核这个比较费时费资源的过程，当新建一个虚拟机时，虚拟机软件需要加载Guest OS，这个新建过程是分钟级别的，而Docker由于直接利用宿主机的操作系统则省略了这个过程，因此新建一个Docker容器只需要几秒 
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Docker常用命令
帮助命令
帮助文档地址：https://docs.docker.com/reference/docker
docker version #显示docker的版本信息 docker info #显示docker的系统信息 包括镜像和容器的数量 docker 命令 --help #万能命令 命令==例如ps run等
镜像命令
docker images 查看所有本地的主机上的镜像
[root@localhost alenwong]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE hello-world latest d1165f221234 4 months ago 13.3kB #REPOSITORY 镜像仓库源 #TAG 标识,我理解是版本的标签 #IMAGE ID 镜像ID #CREATE 该镜像创建的时间 #SIZE 该镜像的大小 #拓展 -a, --all #列出所有镜像 -q, --quiet #只显示出镜像的id
docker search 搜索镜像
#docker search 镜像名 #搜索mysql镜像 docker search mysql #返回以下 NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 11142 [OK] mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 4224 [OK] mysql/mysql-server Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create… 829 [OK] #搜索收藏数大于3000的mysql docker search mysql --filter=stars=3000 #返回以下 NAME DESCRIPTION STARS OFFICIAL AUTOMATED mysql MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation… 11142 [OK] mariadb MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou… 4224 [OK]
docker pull 下载镜像
docker pull 镜像名 不写版本下载:
[root@localhost alenwong]# docker pull mysql #不指定版本 Using default tag: latest #tag latest=默认最新的版本 latest: Pulling from library/mysql b4d181a07f80: Pull complete #分层下载，docker iamge的核心 联合文件系统 a462b60610f5: Pull complete 578fafb77ab8: Pull complete 524046006037: Pull complete d0cbe54c8855: Pull complete aa18e05cc46d: Pull complete 32ca814c833f: Pull complete 9ecc8abdb7f5: Pull complete ad042b682e0f: Pull complete 71d327c6bb78: Pull complete 165d1d10a3fa: Pull complete 2f40c47d0626: Pull complete Digest: sha256:52b8406e4c32b8cf0557f1b74517e14c5393aff5cf0384eff62d9e81f4985d4b Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest docker.io/library/mysql:latest #该镜像的真实地址 #等价于: docker pull mysql =等=价=于= docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest
docker pull 指定版本,注意: 版本号必须来自官方的DockerHub,不能乱写。 点入DockerHub搜想要d拉取的镜像。 滚下面可以看到指定几个的版本号。
docker pull 镜像名:版本号
[root@localhost alenwong]# docker pull mysql:5.7 5.7: Pulling from library/mysql b4d181a07f80: Already exists a462b60610f5: Already exists 578fafb77ab8: Already exists 524046006037: Already exists d0cbe54c8855: Already exists aa18e05cc46d: Already exists 32ca814c833f: Already exists 52645b4af634: Pull complete bca6a5b14385: Pull complete 309f36297c75: Pull complete 7d75cacde0f8: Pull complete Digest: sha256:1a2f9cd257e75cc80e9118b303d1648366bc2049101449bf2c8d82b022ea86b7 Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7 docker.io/library/mysql:5.7
docker rmi 删除镜像命令
#删除指定ID镜像 docker rmi -f 镜像ID #删除多个指定ID镜像 docker rmi -f 镜像ID 镜像ID 镜像ID 镜像ID #递归删除镜像ID docker fim -f $(docker images -aq) #等于传入全部镜像ID
容器命令
我这里先下载一个CentOS套娃容器进行学习..
docker pull centos
run启动容器
docker run [可选参数] 镜像名或镜像ID?
#参数说明
--name="NAME" 容器名称如 tomcat01
-d 后台方式运行, 注意:如果碰到没有前台交互的镜像,会自动退出
-it 启用前台方式交互运行,进入容器查看内容
-p 指定容器的端口 -p 8080:8080
-p 主机端口:容器端口 即主机端口映射到容器端口 如-p 8080:8080
-p 容器端口 如 -p 8080
-p 不写就随机指定端口
----------demo
#/bin/bash的意思是以这种方式的操作控制台形式进行交互(一般Linux都是这种)
[root@localhost alenwong]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash
[root@63b99200973f /]# ls
bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var
[root@63b99200973f /]# exit
exit
[root@localhost alenwong]# ls
公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面
[root@localhost alenwong]#
退出容器
exit , 直接退出容器 Ctrl + P + Q 退出容器但不结束
列出所有运行的容器
#docer ps
空 #列出当前正在运行的容器
-a #列出当前正在运行的容器,并带出历史内容
-n=? #显示最近创建的内容 ?是显示的个数
-q #只显示容器的id
#demo 下面是没有容器在运行 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES #demo 下面是有容器在运行 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash [root@2c3e7ecb2926 /]# [root@localhost alenwong]# #这里我是Ctril + P+Q 操作 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 2c3e7ecb2926 centos "/bin/bash" 27 seconds ago Up 19 seconds brave_lederberg [root@localhost alenwong]# #demo 下面是查看曾经的容器记录 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps -a CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 2c3e7ecb2926 centos "/bin/bash" 2 minutes ago Exited (0) 9 seconds ago brave_lederberg 63b99200973f centos "/bin/bash" 18 minutes ago Exited (0) 17 minutes ago elastic_curran f1e72d6e3a34 hello-world "/hello" 4 hours ago Exited (0) 4 hours ago quizzical_gagarin 7aa43808fbf8 hello-world "/hello" 4 hours ago Exited (0) 4 hours ago hungry_neumann
删除容器
删除指定容器 docker rm #容器id #删除所有容器 docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) #删除所有容器 docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm
启动和停止容器操作
#启动容器 docker start 容器id #重启动容器 docker restart 容器id #停止当前正在运行动容器 docker stop 容器id #强制停止当前容器 docker kill 容器id
常用其他命令
查看日志 :docker logs 容器id
#容器要在跑,才可以看日志哦.. docker logs -f -t --tail 10 #容器id 没有日志 # 自己编写一段shell脚本 [root@bogon /]# docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo Sxr;sleep 1;done"[root@bogon /]# docker psPORTS NAMESd5d5d925582f centos #显示日志-tf #显示日志 f带上时间--tail number #要显示的日志条数 [root@bogon /]# docker logs -f -t --tail 10 d5d5d925582f [root@bogon /]# docker logs -tf --tail 10 d5d5d925582f
查看容器中进程的信息:docker top 容器id
[root@bogon /]# docker top 容器idUID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME root 3064 3044 0 09:37 ? 00:00:00 root 3117 3064 0 09:38 ? 00:00:00
查看容器进程的信息: docker inspect 容器ID
[root@localhost alenwong]# docker inspect 436b9a7bc8cd
[
{
"Id": "436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009",
"Created": "2021-07-20T13:57:06.359593394Z",
"Path": "/hello",
"Args": [],
"State": {
"Status": "exited",
"Running": false,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 0,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-07-20T13:57:10.951556968Z",
"FinishedAt": "2021-07-20T13:57:10.912682656Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:d1165f2212346b2bab48cb01c1e39ee8ad1be46b87873d9ca7a4e434980a7726",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009/436b9a7bc8cd291d3f138cab1803dab00bc668eb77fba8476f08c90aae54d009-json.log",
"Name": "/exciting_williamson",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": null,
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/02df75b141067ac7ea2f22c494597397058416f08f3ff7e87192cbb7661acea6-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/14a05bbb4b6427579b96a7f525fad5517a16042681814b0b96fa3652e09566e3/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/02df75b141067ac7ea2f22c494597397058416f08f3ff7e87192cbb7661acea6/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/02df75b141067ac7ea2f22c494597397058416f08f3ff7e87192cbb7661acea6/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/02df75b141067ac7ea2f22c494597397058416f08f3ff7e87192cbb7661acea6/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "436b9a7bc8cd",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": true,
"AttachStderr": true,
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
],
"Cmd": [
"/hello"
],
"Image": "hello-world",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": null,
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {}
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "8d42c55dd527d0fa98c0dd7d43ef7c22b27f1e33766475d526c504a2ee6efd05",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/8d42c55dd527",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "",
"Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "",
"IPPrefixLen": 0,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "24edc026dabc9d6bccf4d8e11220ac8bf1303be9916b1e913e38e6e802121623",
"EndpointID": "",
"Gateway": "",
"IPAddress": "",
"IPPrefixLen": 0,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
进入容器命令 docker exec和docker attach
注意: exec是进入容器并且新开一个终端; attach是进入一个正在运行的容器,不会新开一个终端窗口。
#docker exec 容器ID [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES dcdf651611cd mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 18 minutes ago Up 18 minutes 3306/tcp, 33060/tcp mysql_01 8d9ae72043d9 centos "/bin/bash" 45 minutes ago Up 45 minutes condescending_murdock [root@localhost alenwong]# docker exec -it mysql:5.7 /bin/bash Error: No such container: mysql:5.7 [root@localhost alenwong]# clear [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES dcdf651611cd mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 19 minutes ago Up 19 minutes 3306/tcp, 33060/tcp mysql_01 8d9ae72043d9 centos "/bin/bash" 46 minutes ago Up 46 minutes condescending_murdock [root@localhost alenwong]# docker exec -it dcdf651611cd /bin/bash root@dcdf651611cd:/# mysql -uroot -p #docker attach ---------->直接进入容器,不新开窗口. [root@localhost alenwong]# docker attach dcdf651611cd
Docker从容器内拷贝文件到目标主机上
docker cp 容器id:容器路径 目标主机路径
docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的的主机路径 [root@bogon /home]# docker cp 容器id:/容器路径 /主机路径 #测试 [root@localhost alenwong]# pwd 先看看目前路径 /home/alenwong [root@localhost alenwong]# pwd /home/alenwong [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES dcdf651611cd mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 29 minutes ago Up 29 minutes 3306/tcp, 33060/tcp mysql_01 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash #进入Centos容器创建文件 [root@c1e7eef34a80 /]# ls bin etc lib lost+found mnt proc run srv tmp var dev home lib64 media opt root sbin sys usr [root@c1e7eef34a80 /]# cd home [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# ll bash: ll: command not found [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# ls #该路径下没有东西 [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# pwd /home [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# mkdir text.txt #创建一个文件 [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# ls text.txt [root@c1e7eef34a80 home]# exit exit [root@localhost alenwong]# docker ps -a #看看历史容器ID CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES c1e7eef34a80 centos "/bin/bash" 57 seconds ago Exited (0) 17 seconds ago modest_brattain b50a426ffcf0 mysql:5.7 "docker-entrypoint.s…" 30 minutes ago Exited (1) 29 minutes ago reverent_cannon #关键是一以下的命令..........docker cp 容器id:路径 目标路径 [root@localhost alenwong]# docker cp c1e7eef34a80:/home/text.txt /home/alenwong [root@localhost alenwong]# ls text.txt 公共 模板 视频 图片 文档 下载 音乐 桌面 #多了个text.txt了吧
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