linux下的网络配置

2021/9/6 7:10:00

本文主要是介绍linux下的网络配置,对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值,需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧!

1.什么是IP ADDRESS

internet protocol ADDRESS ##网络进程地址
ipv4 internet protocol version 4 (具体有那些子协议,可以参考网络协议看一下。)
ip是由32个01组成
11111110.11111110.11111110.11111110 = 254.254.254.254
ip地址由网络位加主机位组成,
1个0、1叫1bit 8bit=1byte 100M宽带表示的是100M个0和1 传输速率。 100/8=12.5M
1个IP 有4个字节

2.子网掩码

用来划分网络区域
子网掩码非0的位对应的ip上的数字表示这个ip的网络位
子网掩码0位对应的数字是ip的主机位
网络位表示网络区域
主机位表示网络区域里某台主机
ip通信判定 :网络位一致,主机位不一致的2个IP可以直接通讯

3 ping命令

命令功能
ping检测网络是否通畅
ping -c 1ping 1 次
ping -w 1等待1秒
ping -c1 -w1 ipping1次等待1秒
[root@foundation50 network-scripts]# ping 172.25.254.50  检测网络是否通畅
PING 172.25.254.50 (172.25.254.50) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.056 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.031 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.032 ms

[root@foundation50 network-scripts]# ping -c 1 172.25.254.50 检测一次
PING 172.25.254.50 (172.25.254.50) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.065 ms

--- 172.25.254.50 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.065/0.065/0.065/0.000 ms
[root@foundation50 Desktop]# ping -c1 -w1 172.25.254.50   检测一次等待一秒
PING 172.25.254.50 (172.25.254.50) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.039 ms

--- 172.25.254.50 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.039/0.039/0.039/0.000 ms


4 ifconfig (查看或设定网络接口)

命令功能
ifconfig查看
ifconfig device ip/24设定 (是临时设定)
ifconfig device down关闭
ifconfig device up开启
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig ens3 查看ip
ens3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.150  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::ce75:9c71:7e34:eb1  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 27234  bytes 7130145 (6.7 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 418  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 140  bytes 13259 (12.9 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
        
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig ens3 172.25.254.200/24  临时设定ip
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig ens3
ens3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.200  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::ce75:9c71:7e34:eb1  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 30730  bytes 7989295 (7.6 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 466  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 152  bytes 15137 (14.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
        
[root@localhost Desktop]# nmcli connection down ens3  关闭
Connection 'westos' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1)
[root@localhost Desktop]# nmcli connection up ens3  开启
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig ens3  重启后临时设定的ip失效
ens3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.150  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.254.255
        inet6 fe80::ce75:9c71:7e34:eb1  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 47971  bytes 12754827 (12.1 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 735  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 201  bytes 20406 (19.9 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0   

5、ip addr (检测或指定网络接口)

命令功能
ip addr show检测
ip addr add ip/24 dev device设定(或者添加),可以添加多个
ip addr del dev ens160 ip/24删除
ip addr flush dev ens3刷新
root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr add 172.25.254.150/24 dev ens3   设定或添加临时ip 
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig
ens3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 172.25.254.150  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 75168  bytes 20267640 (19.3 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 1181  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 311  bytes 32727 (31.9 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr del 172.25.254.150/24 dev  ens3 删除ip
[root@localhost Desktop]# ifconfig  ens3
ens3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 85990  bytes 23257806 (22.1 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 1361  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 321  bytes 33551 (32.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr add 172.25.254.150/24 dev  ens3 可以添加多个ip
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr add 172.25.254.200/24 dev  ens3  可以添加多个ip
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr show ens3 查看ip
2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000  
    link/ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.25.254.150/24 scope global ens3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 172.25.254.200/24 scope global secondary ens3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr flush dev ens3  刷新
[root@localhost Desktop]# ip addr show ens3    ip addr 设定的是临时的,刷新后ip都没了
2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

6、图形方式设定ip (永久ip)

设定ip命令 nm-connection-editor
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更改ip需要重启服务
nmcli connection show
nmcli connection down westos 关闭
nmcli connection up westos 开启

注意配置前NetworkManager服务要开启才能配置 systemctl status NetworkManager ,无图形这个命令就用不了

7、无图形方式设定ip(永久ip)

输入nmtui(文本图形工具)
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8、 命令方式设定网络

命令功能
nmcli connection show查看连接 ,后面跟网卡名字
nmcli connection down westos关闭连接 ,后面跟网卡名字
nmcli connection up westos开启连接 ,后面跟网卡名字
nmcli connection delete westos删除连接, 后面跟网卡名字
nmcli connection add type ethernet ifname ens160 con-name westos ip4 172.25.254.100/24添加连接(添加的时候,网卡不能被占用)
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show  查看
NAME    UUID                                  TYPE      DEVICE 
westos  aff43fbd-81c5-4581-9c6d-76785e991c4c  ethernet  ens3   
virbr0  2bbfc0d5-b384-441a-9969-533d15956d7e  bridge    virbr0 
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up westos  开启
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6)
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection show westos  查看具体网卡信息
connection.id:                          westos
connection.uuid:                        aff43fbd-81c5-4581-9c6d-76785e991c4c
connection.stable-id:                   --
connection.type:                        802-3-ethernet
connection.interface-name:              ens3
connection.autoconnect:                 yes
connection.autoconnect-priority:        0
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli  connection  delete westos 删除连接
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection add type ethernet ifname ens3 con-name westos ipv4.method manual ipv4.addresses 172.25.254.150/24  添加连接,con-name 表示连接名,ifname表示设备名
Warning: There is another connection with the name 'westos'. Reference the connection by its uuid '38578e2f-23d4-48a6-877c-46d5514c18b9'
Connection 'westos' (38578e2f-23d4-48a6-877c-46d5514c18b9) successfully added.
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show ens3 添加成功
2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.25.254.150/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global noprefixroute ens3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::755b:7a00:438b:425/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.addresses 172.25.254.200/24 更改ip,更改后不能生效
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli    connection  down westos    更改后要重启服务
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli    connection  up westos    

9、设备管理命令

命令功能
nmcli device connect ens160启用ens160网卡
nmcli device disconnect ens160关闭ens160网卡
nmcli device show ens160查看网卡信息
nmcli device status ens160查看网卡服务接口信息
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli device show ens3   查看设备信息
GENERAL.DEVICE:                         ens3
GENERAL.TYPE:                           ethernet
GENERAL.HWADDR:                         52:54:00:A3:E9:91
GENERAL.MTU:                            1500
GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (connected)
GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     westos
GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveC>
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:               on
IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         172.25.254.200/24
IP4.GATEWAY:                            --
IP4.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = 172.25.254.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt>
IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         fe80::755b:7a00:438b:425/64
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli device status     查看网卡服务接口信息
DEVICE      TYPE      STATE      CONNECTION 
ens3        ethernet  connected  westos     
virbr0      bridge    connected  virbr0     
lo          loopback  unmanaged  --         
virbr0-nic  tun       unmanaged  -- 
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli device disconnect ens3 断开设备的工作
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli device connect ens3 连接设备的工作

10、管理网络配置文件 (利用文件管理网络)

1、网络配置目录
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
2、网络配置文件的名命规则
ifcfg-xxxx
3、网络配置文件的写法

DEVICE=xxx                        ##设备名称
BOOTPROTO=dhcp|static|none        ##设备工作方式(none 、和static 是网卡设定时手动指定设置,dhcp 是自动)
ONBOOT=yes                        ##网络服务开启时自动激活网卡
IPADDR=                           ##IP地址 (0 可有可无,如果有多个ip 的就要用数字区分开来)
PREFIX=24                         ##子网掩码  **两个子网掩码的意思相同,写一个就可以。
NETMASK=255.255.255.0             ##子网掩码
NAME=                             ##接口名称
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/  进入网卡配置目录
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-westos  建立文件,必须是以ifcfg打头
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-westos 
DEVICE=ens3   设备名
BOOTPROTO=none 
ONBOOT=yes 网络服务开启时,自动激活网卡
IPADDR0=172.25.254.150  ip地址
NETMASK0=255.255.255.0  子网掩码
IPADDR1=1.1.1.100 ip地址
PREFIX1=24  子网掩码
NAME=westos 连接名
 [root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection reload 重新加载
[root@localhost network-scripts]# ip addr show ens3  查看
2: ens3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:a3:e9:91 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 172.25.254.150/24 brd 172.25.254.255 scope global noprefixroute ens3
    valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 1.1.1.100/24 brd 1.1.1.255 scope global noprefixroute ens3
     valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fea3:e991/64 scope link 
    valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

11、dhcp服务配置

在一台虚拟机搭建dhcp服务器

[root@localhost ~]# yum search dhcp  查找dhcp安装包
Updating Subscription Management repositories.
Unable to read consumer identity
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:45 ago on Thu 02 Sep 2021 11:44:06 AM CST.
========================= Name & Summary Matched: dhcp =========================
dhcp-server.x86_64 : Provides the ISC DHCP server

[root@localhost ~]# yum install dhcp-server.x86_64 -y  安装dhcp服务
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc dhcp-server  查看配置文件
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf
/etc/openldap/schema/dhcp.schema
/etc/sysconfig/dhcpd
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd6.leases

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf  查看dhcp配置文件里内容
DHCP Server Configuration file.
see /usr/share/doc/dhcp-server/dhcpd.conf.example 模板
see dhcpd.conf(5) man page
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-server/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf  将模板复制成配置文件,生成配置文件内容
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf 编写配置文件
option domain-name "westos.org";  表示域名
option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114  dns地址(域名解析服务器地址);

default-lease-time 600;  默认租约期,分给客户端ip所用的时长
max-lease-time 7200; 最长租约期

删除第27、28行
27 subnet 10.152.187.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 28 }
 
删除34行以后的
更改30-32行
 30 subnet 172.25.254.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {     网段和子网掩码
 31   range 172.25.254.210 172.25.254.240;   ip范围
 32   option routers 172.25.254.100; 网关
 33 }
 
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start dhcpd  开启dhcp服务

在另一台虚拟机配置dhcp网络

  vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens3
   DEVICE=ens3
   ONBOOT=yes
   BOOTPROTO=dhcp
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection reload  重新加载
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection down westos  关闭
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli connection up westos  开启

12、网关

路由器上接收客户数据的接口就叫客户的网关
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实验环境
一台虚拟机node1 ip地址为1.1.1.200
另一台为双网卡虚拟机node2 ip地址为1.1.1.100 和172.25.254.100
第三台ip地址为172.25.254.50

步骤:
1、让双网卡主机node2变成路由器
开启内核路由功能

[root@localhost network-scripts]# sysctl -a | grep ip_forward
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward_update_priority = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward_use_pmtu = 0

若 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
[root@localhost network-scripts]# vim /etc/sysctl.conf  编辑配置文件,将 net.ipv4.ip_forward =1 加在里面
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
[root@localhost network-scripts]# sysctl -p  立即生效
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

开启火墙地址伪装功能

[root@localhost network-scripts]# systemctl enable --now firewalld 开启火墙
[root@localhost network-scripts]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-masquerade  开启地址伪装功能
success
[root@localhost network-scripts]# firewall-cmd --reload  刷新火墙
success
[root@localhost network-scripts]# firewall-cmd --list-all 查看火墙信息
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: enp1s0 enp7s0
  sources: 
  services: cockpit dhcpv6-client ssh
  ports: 
  protocols: 
  masquerade: yes 伪装功能已经打开
  forward-ports: 
  source-ports: 
  icmp-blocks: 
  rich rules: 

2.在node1上添加网关,连接路由器

[root@anonymous network-scripts]# route -n 查看网关
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
1.1.1.0         0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens3
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# ip route add default via 1.1.1.100  添加网关 ,这是临时的网关,重启后就没了
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# route -n 
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         1.1.1.100       0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 ens3
1.1.1.0         0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens3
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# ping 172.25.254.50  1网段可以ping通254网段
PING 172.25.254.50 (172.25.254.50) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.843 ms
64 bytes from 172.25.254.50: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=0.434 ms

全局网关设定方法(永久的)

[root@anonymous network-scripts]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network  编辑全剧网关配置文件
GATEWAY=1.1.1.100 添加网关
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# nmcli connection down ens3  关闭
Connection 'ens3' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# nmcli connection up  ens3  开启
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/5)
[root@anonymous network-scripts]# route -n 网关生效
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         1.1.1.100       0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens3
1.1.1.0         0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens3
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

网卡网关 设定方式

[root@localhost Desktop]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-westos
DEVICE=ens3
BOOTPROTO=none
ONBOOT=yes
NAME=ens3
IPADDR=1.1.1.200
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=1.1.1.100   网关
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection reload 
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection down ens3 
Connection 'ens3' successfully deactivated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1)
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection up ens3 
Connection successfully activated (D-Bus active path: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/4)
[root@localhost network-scripts]# route -n 查看网关  生效
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         1.1.1.100       0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens3
1.1.1.0         0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens3
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

13、地址解析

问题: 网关设定之后,使用起来还是不够方便,只能用 ip ,那么ip 和域名之间怎么转换呢,那么我们就需要地址解析。

方法1: vim /etc/hosts 本地解析文件
ip 域名

[root@localhost Desktop]# ping www.baidu.com  不通
ping: www.baidu.com: Name or service not known
[root@localhost Desktop]# vim /etc/host  地解析文件
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
14.215.177.38 www.baidu.com  添加解析

方法2:dns解析
14.215.17.39 <----------------- dns <---------ping www.baidu.com
dns告诉www.baidu的地址为14.215.17.39 ,这个过程就叫地址解析,谁告诉的谁就是dns

 [root@localhost Desktop]# vim /etc/resolv.conf 编辑dns指向文件
nameserver 114.114.114.114  添加114

14、设定解析的优先级

默认情况下本地优先级高 etc/hosts > /etc/resolv.conf ,但是可以调整,在 /etc/nsswitch.conf 中调整

vim /etc/nsswitch.conf 
hosts:      files dns myhostname  files 和dns谁在前谁优先级高

注意:当网络dhcp为时,网卡配置文件会自动控制更改/etc/resolve.cof里的内容,为了不更改/etc/resolve.cof里内容,则在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp1s0 网络配置文件里加上PEERDNS=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
NAME=enp1s0
DEVICE=enp1s0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=172.25.254.100
PREFIX=24
PEERDNS=no
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection reload 重载
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection down enp1s0 关闭
[root@localhost network-scripts]# nmcli connection up enp1s0 开启
[root@localhost network-scripts]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 218.30.19.50 此时dns就不会变了

/usr/share/doc/initscripts/sysconfig.txt 网卡配置文件说明



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