Linux中的存储设备管理（设备识别，挂载，分区，磁盘配额）

2021/10/21 7:10:20

编程Tag： 挂载 root dev linux bytes mnt 512 node1 存储设备

本文主要是介绍Linux中的存储设备管理（设备识别，挂载，分区，磁盘配额），对大家解决编程问题具有一定的参考价值，需要的程序猿们随着小编来一起学习吧！

1、设备名称的识别

find 参数
-name名字
-user用户
-group组
-type类型 f：文件 l：符号连接 d：目录 c：字符设备 b：块设备 s：套接字
exec执行
-maxdepth最大深度
-mindepth最小深度
-cmin最近更改的文件 1 ：1分钟， +1：大于1分钟， -1：1分钟之内
-o或者
-a而且
not相反
size大小

实验环境：

[root@node1 mnt]# useradd lee
[root@node1 mnt]# chown westos.lee westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# chown westos.westos westosfile2
[root@node1 mnt]# chown lee.lee westosfile3
[root@node1 mnt]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 westos lee    0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile1
-rw-r--r--. 1 westos westos 0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile2
-rw-r--r--. 1 lee    lee    0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile3
-rw-r--r--. 1 root   root   0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root   root   0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile5

实验：

[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -name "*westos*"  查找文件
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
[root@node1 mnt]# mkdir westosdir  
[root@node1 mnt]# touch westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -name westosfile1  查找目录里面的，和子目录里面的文件都能查找到
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -maxdepth 1 -name westosfile1   最大深度为1层
/mnt/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -maxdepth 2 -name westosfile1 最大深度为2层
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -mindepth 2 -maxdepth 2 -name westosfile1 指定第2层
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -type f  查看文件
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -type d 查看目录
/mnt/
/mnt/westosdir
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -user lee 查看用户
/mnt/westosfile3
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -user lee -o -user westos  -o表示或者 ，查询多个用户文件
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -user lee -a -user lee   -a 表示并且 ，-a也可以不加
/mnt/westosfile3
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -user westos  -group westos  用户和组都是westos
/mnt/westosfile2
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -user westos  -not -group westos  用户是westos，组不是westos
/mnt/westosfile1

用文件大小查找文件

制作指定文件大小

[root@node1 mnt]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/westosfile1 bs=1M count=10  bs 表示拷贝块的大小 ，count表示有多少块，dd：用指定大小的块拷贝一个文件 if=模板文件
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10 MB, 10 MiB) copied, 0.0484184 s, 217 MB/s
[root@node1 mnt]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/westosfile2 bs=1M count=20
20+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB, 20 MiB) copied, 0.0120816 s, 1.7 GB/s
[root@node1 mnt]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/westosfile3 bs=1M count=30
30+0 records in
30+0 records out
31457280 bytes (31 MB, 30 MiB) copied, 0.0175175 s, 1.8 GB/s
[root@node1 mnt]# du -sh westosfile1
10M	westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# du -sh westosfile2
20M	westosfile2
[root@node1 mnt]# du -sh westosfile3
30M	westosfile3
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -size 20M  等于20M
/mnt/westosfile2
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -size -20M  小于20M
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -size +20M 大与20M
/mnt/westosfile3

时间查找文件

[root@node1 mnt]# touch westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -cmin 1 分钟
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -cmin -1 1分钟以内的
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -cmin +1 大于1分钟的
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1

权限查找文件

[root@node1 mnt]# chmod g-r /mnt/westosfile2 
[root@node1 mnt]# chmod o-r /mnt/westosfile3 
[root@node1 mnt]# ll
total 61440
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root   root         25 Oct 18 15:12 westosdir
-rw-r--r--. 1 westos lee    10485760 Oct 18 16:41 westosfile1
-rw----r--. 1 westos westos 20971520 Oct 18 16:41 westosfile2
-rw-r-----. 1 lee    lee    31457280 Oct 18 16:41 westosfile3
-rw-r--r--. 1 root   root          0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root   root          0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile5
-r-r--r--. 1 root   root          0 Oct 18 17:12 westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm 444  表示u位，g位，o位都必须只是r权限
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -444  -444表示u 位，g位，o位都开启r权限
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm /444  /444表示u位或者g位或者o位开启了r权限
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm /755  总共7个条件 rwxr-xr-x 或的关系
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm /777  总管9个条件
/mnt/
/mnt/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile2
/mnt/westosfile3
/mnt/westosfile4
/mnt/westosfile5
/mnt/westosdir
/mnt/westosdir/westosfile1
/mnt/westosfile6
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -002 表示o位有写的权限
[root@node1 mnt]# chmod 777 westosfile5 
[root@node1 mnt]# ll
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 root   root          0 Oct 18 14:39 westosfile5
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -perm -002 -exec chmod u-w {} \;   \表示转译符 注释分号的作用  ，-exec表示可以执行的动作
[root@node1 mnt]# find /mnt/ -name \*westos\* -exec rm -fr {} \;  删除带有westos的文件；  {}表示find命令查找的结果
find: ‘/mnt/westosdir’: No such file or directory

2、设备的查看命令

设备接入系统后都是以文件的形式存在

设备名称#######
SATA/SAS/USB/dev/sda,/dev/sdb s=STAT ,d=DISK ,a=第几块
IDE/dev/hd0,/dev/hsd1 ##h=hard
VIRTIO-BLOCK/dev/vda, /dev/vdb #v=virtio
M2 (SSD)/dev/nvme0,.dev/nvme1 #nvme=m2
SD/MMC/EMMC(卡)/dev/mmcblk0,/dev/mmcblk1 # mmcblk=mmc卡
光驱/dev/cdrom,/dev/sr0,/dev/sr1

2.1设备查看

fdisk -l ：查看磁盘分区情况 （真实存在的设备）
lsblk：设备使用情况
blkid：设备管理方式及设备id
df：查看正在被系统挂载的设备
cat /proc/partitions：查看系统识别设备 (系统识别的设备与系统识别的设备存在差异,没有uuid。无驱动，需要被提醒，)

[root@node1 mnt]# fdisk -l  查看磁盘分区情况 
Disk /dev/vda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x657e7edc

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *       2048  1026047  1024000  500M 83 Linux
/dev/vda2       1026048  2050047  1024000  500M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vda3       2050048 16777215 14727168    7G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@node1 mnt]# lsblk   查看系统中识别设备
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vda    253:0    0    8G  0 disk 
├─vda1 253:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─vda2 253:2    0  500M  0 part [SWAP]
└─vda3 253:3    0    7G  0 part /
vdb    253:16   0    5G  0 disk 
[root@node1 mnt]# lsblk 
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vda    253:0    0    8G  0 disk 
├─vda1 253:1    0  500M  0 part /boot
├─vda2 253:2    0  500M  0 part [SWAP]
└─vda3 253:3    0    7G  0 part /
vdb    253:16   0    5G  0 disk 
[root@node1 mnt]# cat /proc/partitions 查看系统中识别设备
major minor  #blocks  name

 253        0    8388608 vda
 253        1     512000 vda1
 253        2     512000 vda2
 253        3    7363584 vda3
 253       16    5242880 vdb
[root@node1 mnt]# df  系统中被使用挂载的设备
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs          907424       0    907424   0% /dev
tmpfs             935220       0    935220   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs             935220    9336    925884   1% /run
tmpfs             935220       0    935220   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3        7353344 4372764   2980580  60% /
/dev/vda1         506528  218600    287928  44% /boot
tmpfs             187044    1180    185864   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs             187044       4    187040   1% /run/user/0
[root@node1 mnt]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs        887M     0  887M   0% /dev
tmpfs           914M     0  914M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs           914M  9.2M  905M   1% /run
tmpfs           914M     0  914M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3       7.1G  4.2G  2.9G  60% /
/dev/vda1       495M  214M  282M  44% /boot
tmpfs           183M  1.2M  182M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs           183M  4.0K  183M   1% /run/user/0
[root@node1 mnt]# blkid  设备id
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"

3、设备的挂载与卸载

mount 挂载参数 device 挂载点
umount 设备|挂载点
mount：查看挂载信息
mount -o rw /dev/nvme0n1p1 /westos
mount -o remount，ro /westos：转换挂载参数

插上u盘
[root@foundation50 ~]# df 查看系统挂载的设备
Filesystem                         1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                             6054996        0   6054996   0% /dev
tmpfs                                6085392   113668   5971724   2% /dev/shm
tmpfs                                6085392    18332   6067060   1% /run
tmpfs                                6085392        0   6085392   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel_foundation50-root 307230136 95267084 211963052  32% /
/dev/sda6                            1038336   213064    825272  21% /boot
/dev/sda2                              98304    31279     67025  32% /boot/efi
/dev/loop0                           8238560  8238560         0 100% /var/www/html/westos
tmpfs                                1217076       12   1217064   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                                1217076       40   1217036   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1                           30217792 26936948   3280844  90% /run/media/westos/BAEC11CAEC118235  u盘已经挂载
[root@foundation50 ~]# cd /run/media/westos/BAEC11CAEC118235  
[root@foundation50 BAEC11CAEC118235]# ls
'~$核实经办10.08(2).xlsx'
 01_Python基础.zip
 02_Python进阶.zip
 10.8医保失败.xls
 10.8社保失败.xls
'2021.09.06医保回盘数据(1).xls'
 2021.09.16-2021.09.26西咸失败数据.xlsx
 [root@foundation50 ~]# umount /dev/sdb1 卸载  也可以 umount /mnt
 [root@foundation50 ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/  将u盘挂载到指定目录/mnt上
 [root@foundation50 ~]# cd /mnt/
[root@foundation50 mnt]# ls  
'~$核实经办10.08(2).xlsx'
 01_Python基础.zip
 02_Python进阶.zip
 10.8医保失败.xls
 10.8社保失败.xls
 '2021.09.06医保回盘数据(1).xls'
 2021.09.16-2021.09.26西咸失败数据.xlsx
 2021.09.29票据重复异常.rar
 20211009反馈数据
 2021年重点工作督查内容介绍.doc
 20221.09.27-2021.10.08西咸票据重复明细.rar
[root@foundation50 mnt]# mount  查看挂载信息
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt type fuseblk (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096)
[root@foundation50 mnt]# touch file 挂载后可以读写
[root@foundation50 ~]# umount /mnt  卸载
[root@foundation50 ~]# mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt/  变成只读
[root@foundation50 mnt]# mount 
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt type fuseblk (ro,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096)  变成ro只读
[root@foundation50 mnt]# touch file 不能建立文件
touch: cannot touch 'file': Read-only file system
[root@foundation50 mnt]# mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 重新挂载变成读写
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt type fuseblk (rw,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096) 
[root@foundation50 mnt]# umount /mnt  卸载
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
[root@foundation50 mnt]# lsof /dev/sdb1  查看正在用设备
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
      Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND   PID   USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash     3906   root  cwd    DIR   8,17    12288    5 /mnt
bash     8380 westos  cwd    DIR   8,17    12288    5 /mnt
lsof    10612   root  cwd    DIR   8,17    12288    5 /mnt
lsof    10613   root  cwd    DIR   8,17    12288    5 /mnt
[root@foundation50 mnt]# fuser -kvm /dev/sdb1  结束正在占用的设备
                     USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
/dev/sdb1:           root     kernel mount /mnt
                     root       3906 ..c.. bash
                     root       7961 f.... mount.ntfs
                     westos     8380 ..c.. bash
Killed

4、磁盘分区

在这里插入图片描述

MBR分区方式
主分区：主分区记录分区信息并可以直接使用的分区
扩展分区
主分区表记录的的分区，不可直接使用，是逻辑分区容器
逻辑分区
扩展分区之上划分的分区叫逻辑分区，不占用分区表，如果扩展分区损坏，逻辑分区全部坏掉

在这里插入图片描述
分区命令的使用
parted

[root@node1 ~]# parted /dev/vdb mklabel gpt  设置分区类型，gpt分区类型
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@node1 ~]# fdisk -l                                                  
Disk /dev/vda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x657e7edc

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *       2048  1026047  1024000  500M 83 Linux
/dev/vda2       1026048  2050047  1024000  500M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vda3       2050048 16777215 14727168    7G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt    gpt分区类型
Disk identifier: F5409EDE-875E-42AA-BFF7-640C258532DA
[root@node1 ~]# parted /dev/vdb mklabel msdos  设置分区类型，mrb分区类型
[root@node1 ~]# fdisk -l                                                  
Disk /dev/vda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x657e7edc

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *       2048  1026047  1024000  500M 83 Linux
/dev/vda2       1026048  2050047  1024000  500M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vda3       2050048 16777215 14727168    7G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos   dos分区方式
Disk identifier: 0x6f1c4a71
[root@node1 ~]# parted /dev/vdb mkpart primary 1 1000   划一个主分区
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

[root@node1 ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 8 GiB, 8589934592 bytes, 16777216 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x657e7edc

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vda1  *       2048  1026047  1024000  500M 83 Linux
/dev/vda2       1026048  2050047  1024000  500M 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/vda3       2050048 16777215 14727168    7G 83 Linux


Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6f1c4a71

Device     Boot Start     End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1        2048 1953791 1951744  953M 83 Linux
[root@node1 ~]# parted /dev/vdb rm 1   删除分区，后面数字表示第几个分区
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.

fdisk 交互式分区

fdisk /dev/XXX
Command （m for help）: m

命令作用
d删除
l列出所有分区类型
n新建
p显示分区表
t更改分区类型
w保存更改
q退出
g设定分区方式为GPT
o设定分区方式为mbr
[root@node1 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb  分区

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): p  显示分区表
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6f1c4a71

Command (m for help): g  设定分区方式为GPT
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 4CBFD80F-A7B3-E84D-AA13-14809214E95B).
The old dos signature will be removed by a write command.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt  gpt分区方式
Disk identifier: 4CBFD80F-A7B3-E84D-AA13-14809214E95B

Command (m for help): o   mbr分区方式
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xb925413a.
The old dos signature will be removed by a write command.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos  mbr分区方式
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a
Command (m for help): n 新建分区
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)   p表示主分区
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)  e表示扩展分区
Select (default p): p  主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1  分区位置
First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048):    分区起始快
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +100M  结束快

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a

Device     Boot Start    End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1        2048 206847  204800  100M 83 Linux   已经划分出来了
Command (m for help): n 增加第二个分区
Partition type
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (206848-10485759, default 206848): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (206848-10485759, default 10485759): +100M

Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.

Command (m for help): n 增加第三个分区
Partition type
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 
First sector (411648-10485759, default 411648): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (411648-10485759, default 10485759): +100M

Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.

Command (m for help): P
P: unknown command

Command (m for help): p   

Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a

Device     Boot  Start    End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1         2048 206847  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2       206848 411647  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3       411648 616447  204800  100M 83 Linux

Command (m for help): n  
Partition type
   p   primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default e): e

Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-10485759, default 616448): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (616448-10485759, default 10485759): 

Created a new partition 4 of type 'Extended' and of size 4.7 GiB.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a

Device     Boot  Start      End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1         2048   206847  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2       206848   411647  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3       411648   616447  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4       616448 10485759 9869312  4.7G  5 Extended
Command (m for help): n    增加逻辑分区
All primary partitions are in use.
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (618496-10485759, default 618496): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (618496-10485759, default 10485759): +100M

Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.

Command (m for help): p 
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a

Device     Boot  Start      End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1         2048   206847  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2       206848   411647  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3       411648   616447  204800  100M 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4       616448 10485759 9869312  4.7G  5 Extended
/dev/vdb5       618496   823295  204800  100M 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq 保存更改
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@node1 ~]# udevadm settle  设备上的分区表和内核上的分区表同步
[root@node1 ~]# blkid  查看设备id，这些设备不能使用只是划分了分区，设备上没有文件系统
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vdb1: PARTUUID="b925413a-01"
/dev/vdb2: PARTUUID="b925413a-02"
/dev/vdb3: PARTUUID="b925413a-03"
/dev/vdb5: PARTUUID="b925413a-05"

5、部署文件系统和删除设备方法

[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1   格式化成xfs系统
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=1368, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@node1 ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="d8358f7d-3908-4372-9ee3-d93621aedd9c" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="b925413a-01"
/dev/vdb2: PARTUUID="b925413a-02"
/dev/vdb3: PARTUUID="b925413a-03"
/dev/vdb5: PARTUUID="b925413a-05"
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.vfat /dev/vdb2  格式化成fat系统
mkfs.fat 4.1 (2017-01-24)
[root@node1 ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="d8358f7d-3908-4372-9ee3-d93621aedd9c" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="b925413a-01"
/dev/vdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="E913-E741" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="b925413a-02"
/dev/vdb3: PARTUUID="b925413a-03"
/dev/vdb5: PARTUUID="b925413a-05"
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb3   格式化成ext文件系统
mke2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
Creating filesystem with 102400 1k blocks and 25688 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 378f3fd1-576e-4f9a-9b65-11d0f89adccc
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
	8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 
[root@node1 ~]# bklid
bash: bklid: command not found...
Similar command is: 'blkid'
[root@node1 ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="d8358f7d-3908-4372-9ee3-d93621aedd9c" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="b925413a-01"
/dev/vdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="E913-E741" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="b925413a-02"
/dev/vdb3: UUID="378f3fd1-576e-4f9a-9b65-11d0f89adccc" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="b925413a-03"
/dev/vdb5: PARTUUID="b925413a-05"
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.xfs -K /dev/vdb5  通常格式化新的磁盘比较大的情况下 ，-K表示不对空的数据快进行处理，加快格式化
meta-data=/dev/vdb5              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=1368, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@node1 ~]# blkid 
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="d8358f7d-3908-4372-9ee3-d93621aedd9c" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="b925413a-01"
/dev/vdb2: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="E913-E741" TYPE="vfat" PARTUUID="b925413a-02"
/dev/vdb3: UUID="378f3fd1-576e-4f9a-9b65-11d0f89adccc" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="b925413a-03"
/dev/vdb5: UUID="33cbf078-e066-490c-8170-11c8d2d4c2c3" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="b925413a-05"

格式化之后就可以挂载

[root@node1 ~]# mount /dev/vdb5 /mnt/  （临时挂载）
[root@node1 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs          907604       0    907604   0% /dev
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs             935400    9364    926036   2% /run
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3        7353344 4373064   2980280  60% /
/dev/vda1         506528  218600    287928  44% /boot
tmpfs             187080    1180    185900   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs             187080       4    187076   1% /run/user/0
/dev/vdb5          96928    6068     90860   7% /mnt

如何实现永久挂载
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local  之前学的这个挂载是系统启动之后最后一步实行挂载
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/fstab  需要在磁盘挂载策略文件里永久挂载
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info.
#
# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd
# units generated from this file.
#
UUID=0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2 /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/vdb5                                 /mnt                    xfs     defaults        0 0     
设备名                                     挂载点              系统文件类型    挂载参数     不检测 不备份                                                                                        
[root@node1 ~]# df 
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs          907604       0    907604   0% /dev
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs             935400    9364    926036   2% /run
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3        7353344 4373064   2980280  60% /
/dev/vda1         506528  218600    287928  44% /boot
tmpfs             187080    1180    185900   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs             187080       4    187076   1% /run/user/0
[root@node1 ~]# mount -a  表示将/etc/fstab 里没有挂载的设备立即挂载
[root@node1 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs          907604       0    907604   0% /dev
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs             935400    9364    926036   2% /run
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3        7353344 4373064   2980280  60% /
/dev/vda1         506528  218600    287928  44% /boot
tmpfs             187080    1180    185900   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs             187080       4    187076   1% /run/user/0
/dev/vdb5          96928    6068     90860   7% /mnt    已经挂载

如何删除设备
将/etc/fstab 里的挂载删除
[root@node1 ~]# umount /mnt  卸载
[root@node1 ~]# df
Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs          907604       0    907604   0% /dev
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs             935400    9364    926036   2% /run
tmpfs             935400       0    935400   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vda3        7353344 4373088   2980256  60% /
/dev/vda1         506528  218600    287928  44% /boot
tmpfs             187080    1180    185900   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs             187080       4    187076   1% /run/user/0
[root@node1 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): d   表示删除
Partition number (1-5, default 5): 5    删除第5个设备

Partition 5 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-4, default 4): 4   删除 第四个设备

Partition 4 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3  删除第三个设备

Partition 3 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2   删除第二个设备

Partition 2 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): d   
Selected partition 1   删除第一个设备
Partition 1 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb925413a

Command (m for help): wq 保存

[root@node1 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/vdb bs=1M count=1  快速清掉设备分区表，原理是用一个空的1M去覆盖设备最前面的1M
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.00432005 s, 243 MB/s

6、swap分区

swap分区作用
在这里插入图片描述
建议内存
在这里插入图片描述

[root@node1 ~]# swapon -s  查看系统中的swap分区
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vda2                              	partition	511996	0	-2

[root@node1 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb  

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xa14f4727.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +1G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Partition #1 contains a xfs signature.

Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y

The signature will be removed by a write command.
Command (m for help): t  修改标签
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l 列出所有code代码

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden or  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi ea  Rufus alignment
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         eb  BeOS fs        
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ee  GPT            
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f1  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f4  SpeedStor      
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      f2  DOS secondary  
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fb  VMware VMFS    
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fc  VMware VMKCORE 
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fd  Linux raid auto
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           bc  Acronis FAT32 L fe  LANstep        
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix       be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 改称swap
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'.

Command (m for help): p 查看分区表信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa14f4727

Device     Boot Start     End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1        2048 2099199 2097152   1G 82 Linux swap / Solaris   swap已经更改成功

Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 1 will be wiped.

Command (m for help): wq 保存
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@node1 ~]# udevadm settle  设备上的分区表和内核上的分区表同步
[root@node1 ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb1  格式化swap分区
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1024 MiB (1073737728 bytes)
no label, UUID=166ba987-27e2-4b71-a0f4-51637b799357
[root@node1 ~]# blkid 
/dev/vda3: UUID="0eb49537-4c55-4a43-986f-98bd31d7cfd2" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-03"
/dev/vda1: UUID="3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="657e7edc-01"
/dev/vda2: UUID="a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="657e7edc-02"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="166ba987-27e2-4b71-a0f4-51637b799357" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="a14f4727-01"
[node1 ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb1 激活swap分区
[root@node1 ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vda2                              	partition	511996	0	-2
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	1048572	0	-3
[root@node1 ~]# swapoff  /dev/vdb1 从激活状态改为停止状态
[root@node1 ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb1 -p 1 更改优先及为1  （临时设定）
[root@node1 ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vda2                              	partition	511996	0	-2
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	1048572	0	1

永久设定
[root@node1 ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb1  从激活状态改为停止状态
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
UUID=3cc65186-5c1a-4b64-937d-76fa3feec0c8 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=a0f0361a-8846-4d19-ac39-653b0b79aff8 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/vdb1                                 swap                    swap    defaults,pri=1  0 0 
root@node1 ~]# swapon -a  激活
[root@node1 ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/vda2                              	partition	511996	0	-2
/dev/vdb1                              	partition	1048572	0	2

删除swap分区
[root@node1 ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
[root@node1 ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb1 
/dev/vdb1                                 swap                    swap    defaults,pri=1  0 0   删除
[root@node1 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): d  删除
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa14f4727

Command (m for help): wq  保存
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

7、磁盘配额

[root@node1 ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +100M

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 100 MiB.
Partition #1 contains a swap signature.

Do you want to remove the signature? [Y]es/[N]o: y

The signature will be removed by a write command.

Command (m for help): p 
Disk /dev/vdb: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xa14f4727

Device     Boot Start    End Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/vdb1        2048 206847  204800  100M 83 Linux

Filesystem/RAID signature on partition 1 will be wiped.

Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@node1 ~]# udevadm settle  同步
[root@node1 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1  格式化系统
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=1368, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@node1 ~]# mkdir /westos 
[root@node1 ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /westos/
[root@node1 ~]# chmod 1777  /westos/  建立公共目录
[root@node1 ~]# umount /westos  卸载
[root@node1 ~]# mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb1 /westos/   挂载时开启配额限制
[root@node1 ~]# mount 
/dev/vdb1 on /westos type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,usrquota)  usrquota 表示配额参数激活
[root@node1 ~]# edquota -u westos  给westos用户设定配额
Disk quotas for user westos (uid 1000):
  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard         表示westos用户在/dev/vdb1上写入的数据大小最多为20M
  /dev/vdb1                         0         0        2048        0        0        0
                              表示westos在    软限       硬限   表示用户westos  软限    硬限
                            blocks 已经存在                   在设备上有多少个文件
                              的数据                                           
[root@node1 ~]# su -- westos 切换westos用户
[westos@node1 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/westos/westosfile bs=1M count=10    截取10M
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10 MB, 10 MiB) copied, 0.00720546 s, 1.5 GB/s
[westos@node1 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/westos/westosfile bs=1M count=20  截取20M
20+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB, 20 MiB) copied, 0.127126 s, 165 MB/s
[westos@node1 ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/westos/westosfile bs=1M count=21  截取21M
dd: error writing '/westos/westosfile': Disk quota exceeded   保存超出了限额
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB, 20 MiB) copied, 0.326325 s, 64.3 MB/s
[westos@node1 ~]$ du -sh /westos/westosfile   只能写入20M
20M	/westos/westosfile

永久设定配额：
[root@node1 westos]# vim /etc/fstab 
/dev/vdb1                                /westos                  xfs     defaults,usrquota 0 0

删除配额设定
[root@node1 westos]# vim /etc/fstab  删除
/dev/vdb1                                /westos                  xfs     defaults,usrquota 0 0
[root@node1 westos]# quotaoff -uv /dev/vdb1  关闭设备配额  -uv表示关闭用户配额并显示过程
Disabling user quota enforcement on /dev/vdb1
/dev/vdb1: user quotas turned off
或者
[root@node1 westos]# umount /westos  卸载
[root@node1 westos]# mount /dev/vdb1 /westos/  重新挂载


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