atmosphere

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sphere是球的意思。atmo: liquid in the air, 蒸汽

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other gases in trace amounts. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration; nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids; and carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps to protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.

地球大气由氮（约78%）、氧（约21%）、氩（约0.9%）、二氧化碳（0.03%）和其他微量气体组成。氧气被大多数生物体用于呼吸；氮被细菌和闪电固定，产生氨，用于构建核苷酸和氨基酸；二氧化碳被植物、藻类和蓝藻用于光合作用。大气有助于保护生物免受太阳紫外线辐射、太阳风和宇宙射线的基因损害。地球大气目前的组成是生物几十亿年来对古大气进行生化改造的产物。

The term stellar atmosphere describes the outer region of a star and typically includes the portion above the opaque photosphere. Stars with sufficiently low temperatures may have outer atmospheres with compound molecules.

恒星大气一词描述恒星的外部区域，通常包括不透明光球层上方的部分。温度足够低的恒星可能有含有化合物分子的外部大气。

Atmospheric pressure at a particular location is the force per unit area perpendicular to a surface determined by the weight of the vertical column of atmosphere above that location. On Earth, units of air pressure are based on the internationally recognized standard atmosphere (atm), which is defined as 101.325 kPa (760 Torr or 14.696 psi). It is measured with a barometer.

特定位置的大气压力是垂直于表面的单位面积上的力，由该位置上方大气垂直柱的重量决定。在地球上，气压单位基于国际公认的标准大气（atm），定义为101.325 kPa（760托或14.696 psi）。它是用气压计测量的。

Historically, one torr was intended to be the same as one "millimeter of mercury", and now it is defined as 1/760 of a standard atmosphere. psi: pounds per square inch. 1 bar = 100k 牛/平米。1 atm = 1.01325 bar

Earth's atmosphere consists of a number of layers that differ in properties such as composition, temperature and pressure. The lowest layer is the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the bottom of the stratosphere. Three quarters of the atmosphere's mass resides within the troposphere, and is the layer within which the Earth's terrestrial weather develops. The depth of this layer varies between 17 km at the equator to 7 km at the poles. The stratosphere, extending from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the mesosphere, contains the ozone layer. The ozone layer ranges in altitude between 15 and 35 km, and is where most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun is absorbed. The top of the mesosphere, ranges from 50 to 85 km, and is the layer wherein most meteors burn up. The thermosphere extends from 85 km to the base of the exosphere at 400 km and contains the ionosphere, a region where the atmosphere is ionized by incoming solar radiation. The ionosphere increases in thickness and moves closer to the Earth during daylight and rises at night allowing certain frequencies of radio communication over a greater range. The Kármán line, located within the thermosphere at an altitude of 100 km, is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space. The exosphere begins variously from about 690 to 1,000 km above the surface, where it interacts with the planet's magnetosphere. Each of the layers has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.

地球大气由许多不同性质的层组成，如成分、温度和压力。最底层是对流层，它从平流层的表面延伸到底部。大气质量的四分之三位于对流层中，是地球陆地天气发展的所在层。这一层的深度从赤道的17公里到两极的7公里不等。平流层从对流层顶部延伸到中层底部，包含臭氧层。臭氧层的高度范围在15到35公里之间，是吸收太阳紫外线辐射的地方。中间层的顶部，范围从50到85公里，是大多数流星燃烧的地方。热层从85公里延伸到400公里外大气层底部，包含电离层，这是一个大气被入射太阳辐射电离的区域。电离层厚度增加，白天更靠近地球，夜间上升，允许在更大范围内进行特定频率的无线电通信。卡尔曼线位于100公里高度的热层内，通常用于定义地球大气层和外层空间之间的边界。外大气层从地表以上约690到1000公里的地方开始，在那里它与行星的磁层相互作用。每一层都有不同的衰减率，定义了温度随高度的变化率。

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