Java高并发专题之30、JUC中的CompletableFuture
2022/5/5 1:13:10
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目录
CompletableFuture是java8中新增的一个类,算是对Future的一种增强,用起来很方便,也是会经常用到的一个工具类,熟悉一下。
CompletionStage接口
- CompletionStage代表异步计算过程中的某一个阶段,一个阶段完成以后可能会触发另外一个阶段
- 一个阶段的计算执行可以是一个Function,Consumer或者Runnable。比如:stage.thenApply(x -> square(x)).thenAccept(x -> System.out.print(x)).thenRun(() -> System.out.println())
- 一个阶段的执行可能是被单个阶段的完成触发,也可能是由多个阶段一起触发
CompletableFuture类
- 在Java8中,CompletableFuture提供了非常强大的Future的扩展功能,可以帮助我们简化异步编程的复杂性,并且提供了函数式编程的能力,可以通过回调的方式处理计算结果,也提供了转换和组合 CompletableFuture 的方法。
- 它可能代表一个明确完成的Future,也有可能代表一个完成阶段( CompletionStage ),它支持在计算完成以后触发一些函数或执行某些动作。
- 它实现了Future和CompletionStage接口
常见的方法,熟悉一下:
runAsync 和 supplyAsync方法
CompletableFuture 提供了四个静态方法来创建一个异步操作。
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)
没有指定Executor的方法会使用ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 作为它的线程池执行异步代码。如果指定线程池,则使用指定的线程池运行。以下所有的方法都类同。
- runAsync方法不支持返回值。
- supplyAsync可以支持返回值。
示例代码
//无返回值public static void runAsync() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> { try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } System.out.println("run end ..."); }); future.get();}//有返回值public static void supplyAsync() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> { try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } System.out.println("run end ..."); return System.currentTimeMillis(); }); long time = future.get(); System.out.println("time = "+time);}
计算结果完成时的回调方法
当CompletableFuture的计算结果完成,或者抛出异常的时候,可以执行特定的Action。主要是下面的方法:
public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)
可以看到Action的类型是BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable>它可以处理正常的计算结果,或者异常情况。
whenComplete 和 whenCompleteAsync 的区别:
- whenComplete:是执行当前任务的线程执行继续执行 whenComplete 的任务。
- whenCompleteAsync:是执行把 whenCompleteAsync 这个任务继续提交给线程池来进行执行。
示例代码
public static void whenComplete() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> { try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } if(new Random().nextInt()%2>=0) { int i = 12/0; } System.out.println("run end ..."); }); future.whenComplete(new BiConsumer<Void, Throwable>() { @Override public void accept(Void t, Throwable action) { System.out.println("执行完成!"); } }); future.exceptionally(new Function<Throwable, Void>() { @Override public Void apply(Throwable t) { System.out.println("执行失败!"+t.getMessage()); return null; } }); TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);}
thenApply 方法
当一个线程依赖另一个线程时,可以使用 thenApply 方法来把这两个线程串行化。
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
Function<? super T,? extends U>
T:上一个任务返回结果的类型
U:当前任务的返回值类型
示例代码
private static void thenApply() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Long> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Long>() { @Override public Long get() { long result = new Random().nextInt(100); System.out.println("result1="+result); return result; } }).thenApply(new Function<Long, Long>() { @Override public Long apply(Long t) { long result = t*5; System.out.println("result2="+result); return result; } }); long result = future.get(); System.out.println(result);}
第二个任务依赖第一个任务的结果。
handle 方法
handle 是执行任务完成时对结果的处理。
handle 方法和 thenApply 方法处理方式基本一样。不同的是 handle 是在任务完成后再执行,还可以处理异常的任务。thenApply 只可以执行正常的任务,任务出现异常则不执行 thenApply 方法。
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
示例代码
public static void handle() throws Exception{ CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int i= 10/0; return new Random().nextInt(10); } }).handle(new BiFunction<Integer, Throwable, Integer>() { @Override public Integer apply(Integer param, Throwable throwable) { int result = -1; if(throwable==null){ result = param * 2; }else{ System.out.println(throwable.getMessage()); } return result; } }); System.out.println(future.get());}
从示例中可以看出,在 handle 中可以根据任务是否有异常来进行做相应的后续处理操作。而 thenApply 方法,如果上个任务出现错误,则不会执行 thenApply 方法。
thenAccept 消费处理结果
接收任务的处理结果,并消费处理,无返回结果。
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
示例代码
public static void thenAccept() throws Exception{ CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { return new Random().nextInt(10); } }).thenAccept(integer -> { System.out.println(integer); }); future.get();}
从示例代码中可以看出,该方法只是消费执行完成的任务,并可以根据上面的任务返回的结果进行处理。并没有后续的输错操作。
thenRun 方法
跟 thenAccept 方法不一样的是,不关心任务的处理结果。只要上面的任务执行完成,就开始执行 thenAccept 。
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);
示例代码
public static void thenRun() throws Exception{ CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { return new Random().nextInt(10); } }).thenRun(() -> { System.out.println("thenRun ..."); }); future.get();}
该方法同 thenAccept 方法类似。不同的是上个任务处理完成后,并不会把计算的结果传给 thenRun 方法。只是处理玩任务后,执行 thenAccept 的后续操作。
thenCombine 合并任务
thenCombine 会把 两个 CompletionStage 的任务都执行完成后,把两个任务的结果一块交给 thenCombine 来处理。
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void thenCombine() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() { @Override public String get() { return "hello"; } }); CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<String>() { @Override public String get() { return "hello"; } }); CompletableFuture<String> result = future1.thenCombine(future2, new BiFunction<String, String, String>() { @Override public String apply(String t, String u) { return t+" "+u; } }); System.out.println(result.get());}
thenAcceptBoth
当两个CompletionStage都执行完成后,把结果一块交给thenAcceptBoth来进行消耗
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action, Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void thenAcceptBoth() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f1="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f2="+t); return t; } }); f1.thenAcceptBoth(f2, new BiConsumer<Integer, Integer>() { @Override public void accept(Integer t, Integer u) { System.out.println("f1="+t+";f2="+u+";"); } });}
applyToEither 方法
两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的转化操作。
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void applyToEither() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f1="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f2="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> result = f1.applyToEither(f2, new Function<Integer, Integer>() { @Override public Integer apply(Integer t) { System.out.println(t); return t * 2; } }); System.out.println(result.get());}
acceptEither 方法
两个CompletionStage,谁执行返回的结果快,我就用那个CompletionStage的结果进行下一步的消耗操作。
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void acceptEither() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f1="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f2="+t); return t; } }); f1.acceptEither(f2, new Consumer<Integer>() { @Override public void accept(Integer t) { System.out.println(t); } });}
runAfterEither 方法
两个CompletionStage,任何一个完成了都会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void runAfterEither() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f1="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f2="+t); return t; } }); f1.runAfterEither(f2, new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.println("上面有一个已经完成了。"); } });}
runAfterBoth
两个CompletionStage,都完成了计算才会执行下一步的操作(Runnable)
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
示例代码
private static void runAfterBoth() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f1="+t); return t; } }); CompletableFuture<Integer> f2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(t); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("f2="+t); return t; } }); f1.runAfterBoth(f2, new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.println("上面两个任务都执行完成了。"); } });}
thenCompose 方法
thenCompose 方法允许你对两个 CompletionStage 进行流水线操作,第一个操作完成时,将其结果作为参数传递给第二个操作。
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn);public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn) ;public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor) ;
示例代码
private static void thenCompose() throws Exception { CompletableFuture<Integer> f = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = new Random().nextInt(3); System.out.println("t1="+t); return t; } }).thenCompose(new Function<Integer, CompletionStage<Integer>>() { @Override public CompletionStage<Integer> apply(Integer param) { return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(new Supplier<Integer>() { @Override public Integer get() { int t = param *2; System.out.println("t2="+t); return t; } }); } }); System.out.println("thenCompose result : "+f.get()); }来源:http://itsoku.com/course/1/30
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