PostgreSQL命令语法大全

可以使用help语句查看所有postgreSQL语句的语法。 按照以下步骤查看PostgreSQL中所有语句的语法。

• 安装postgreSQL后，打开psql为：程序文件 -> PostgreSQL 9.2 -> SQL Shell(psql)
• 使用以下语句查看特定语句的语法。 postgres-＃\ help＆

所有PostgreSQL语句

在这里，我们提供了所有postgreSQL语句及其语法的列表：

ABORT语句：

语法：

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE语句：

语法：

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER CONVERSION语句：

语法：

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE语句：

语法：

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }  
ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter  
ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DOMAIN语句：

语法：

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }  
ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL  
ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint  
ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]  
ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION语句：

语法：

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP语句：

语法：

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, ... ]  
ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, ... ]  
ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX语句：

语法：

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner  
ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name  
ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE语句：

语法：

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR语句：

语法：

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE } , { righttype | NONE } )  
OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS语句：

语法：

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA语句：

语法：

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE语句：

语法：

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]  
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]  
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]  
[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE语句：

语法：

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]  
action [, ... ]  
ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]  
RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column  
ALTER TABLE name  
RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TABLESPACE语句：

语法：

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER语句：

语法：

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE语句：

语法：

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER语句：

语法：

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]  
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name  
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }  
ALTER USER name RESET parameter

ANALYSE语句：

语法：

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]

BEGIN语句：

语法：

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

CHECKPOINT语句：

语法：

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE语句：

语法：

CLOSE name

CLUSTER语句：

语法：

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name  
CLUSTER table_name  
CLUSTER

COMMIT语句：

语法：

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY语句：

语法：

COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]  
FROM { 'filename' | STDIN }  
[ [ WITH ]  
[ BINARY ]  
[ OIDS ]  
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]  
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]  
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]  
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]  
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]  
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]  
TO { 'filename' | STDOUT }  
[ [ WITH ]  
[ BINARY ]  
[ OIDS ]  
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] 'delimiter' ]  
[ NULL [ AS ] 'null string' ]  
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] 'quote' ]  
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] 'escape' ]  
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE语句：

语法：

CREATE AGGREGATE name (  
BASETYPE = input_data_type,  
SFUNC = sfunc,  
STYPE = state_data_type  
[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]  
[ , INITCOND = initial_condition ]  
)

CREATE CAST语句：

语法：

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)  
WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)  
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]  
CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)  
WITHOUT FUNCTION  
[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER语句：

语法：

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name  
AFTER events ON  
table_name constraint attributes  
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION语句：

语法：

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name  
FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE语句：

语法：

CREATE DATABASE name  
[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]  
[ TEMPLATE [=] template ]  
[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]  
[ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]

CREATE DOMAIN语句：

语法：

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type  
[ DEFAULT expression ]  
[ constraint [ ... ] ]

CREATE FUNCTION语句：

语法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )  
RETURNS ret_type  
{ LANGUAGE lang_name  
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE  
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT  
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER  
| AS 'definition'  
| AS 'obj_file', 'link_symbol'  
} ...  
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]

CREATE GROUP语句：

语法：

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]  
Where option can be:  
SYSID gid  
| USER username [, ...]

CREATE INDEX语句：

语法：

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]  
( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, ...] )  
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]  
[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE语句：

语法：

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name  
HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR语句：

语法：

CREATE OPERATOR name (  
PROCEDURE = func_name  
[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]  
[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]  
[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]  
[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]  
[, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]  
[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]  
)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS语句：

语法：

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type  
USING index_method AS  
{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]  
| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, ...] )  
| STORAGE storage_type  
} [, ... ]

CREATE RULE语句：

语法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event  
TO table [ WHERE condition ]  
DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command ... ) }

CREATE SCHEMA语句：

语法：

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name  
[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ ... ] ]  
CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username  
[ schema_element [ ... ] ]

CREATE SEQUENCE语句：

语法：

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name  
[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]  
[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]  
[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]  
[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE语句：

语法：

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name (  
{ column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]  
| table_constraint  
| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, ... ]  
)  
[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, ... ] ) ]  
[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]  
[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]  
[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

CREATE TABLE AS语句：

语法：

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name  
[ (column_name [, ...] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]  
AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE语句：

语法：

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'

CRFEATE TRIGGER语句：

语法：

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }  
ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]  
EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE语句：

语法：

CREATE TYPE name AS  
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )  
CREATE TYPE name (  
INPUT = input_function,  
OUTPUT = output_function  
[ , RECEIVE = receive_function ]  
[ , SEND = send_function ]  
[ , ANALYZE = analyze_function ]  
[ , INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]  
[ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]  
[ , ALIGNMENT = alignment ]  
[ , STORAGE = storage ]  
[ , DEFAULT = default ]  
[ , ELEMENT = element ]  
[ , DELIMITER = delimiter ]  
)

CREATE USER语句：

语法：

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

CREATE VIEW语句：

语法：

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE语句：

语法：

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE语句：

语法：

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]  
CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query  
[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, ...] ] } ]

DELETE语句：

语法：

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE语句：

语法：

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST语句：

语法：

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION语句：

语法：

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE语句：

语法：

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN语句：

语法：

DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION语句：

语法：

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP语句：

语法：

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX语句：

语法：

DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE语句：

语法：

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR语句：

语法：

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE } , { right_type | NONE } )  
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS语句：

语法：

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP RULE语句：

语法：

DROP RULE name ON relation [CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA语句：

语法：

DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE语句：

语法：

DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE语句：

语法：

DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE语句：

语法：

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER语句：

语法：

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE语句：

语法：

DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER语句：

语法：

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW语句：

语法：

DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END语句：

语法：

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE语句：

语法：

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]

EXPLAIN语句：

语法：

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH语句：

语法：

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

INSERT语句：

语法：

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, ...] ) ]  
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) | query }

LISTEN语句：

语法：

LISTEN name

LOAD语句：

语法：

LOAD 'filename'

LOCK语句：

语法：

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

MOVE语句：

语法：

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY语句：

语法：

NOTIFY name

PREPARE语句：

语法：

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX语句：

语法：

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RESET语句：

语法：

RESET name  
RESET ALL

ROLLBACK语句：

语法：

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT语句：

语法：

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name

SAVEPOINT语句：

语法：

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name

SELECT语句：

语法：

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]  
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]  
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]  
[ WHERE condition ]  
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]  
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]  
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]  
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]  
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]  
[ OFFSET start ]  
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SELECT INTO语句：

语法：

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]  
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]  
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table  
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]  
[ WHERE condition ]  
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]  
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]  
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]  
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]  
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]  
[ OFFSET start ]  
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]

SET语句：

语法：

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | 'value' | DEFAULT }  
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS语句：

语法：

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET TRANSACTION语句：

语法：

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]  
SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

SHOW语句：

语法：

SHOW name  
SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION语句：

语法：

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, ...] ]

TRUNCATE TABLE语句：

语法：

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UPDATE语句：

语法：

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, ...]  
[ FROM from_list ]  
[ WHERE condition ]