SpringMVC快速使用——基于XML配置和Servlet3.0
2021/7/19 6:05:31
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SpringMVC-快速使用
1、官方文档
2、编写pom文件引入jar包
这里使用5.3.8版本Spring框架。基于Servlet API，必须引入servlet-api依赖。
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.black</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-springmvc-xml</artifactId>
<packaging> war</packaging>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>spring-springmvc-xml Maven Webapp</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<!-- 定义Spring版本 -->
<properties>
<spring.verson>5.3.8</spring.verson>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- 引入 Spring Framework jar包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-aop</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-expression</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context-support</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 引入 Spring MVC jar包 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 引入 servlet-api （不希望打到war包中，有可能tomcat容器就已经带有这个包了）-->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>3.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- 日志 jar -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jcl</artifactId>
<version>${spring.verson}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- 日志：slf4j + logback -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.31</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-core</artifactId>
<version>1.2.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
<version>1.2.3</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<finalName>spring-springmvc-xml</finalName>
</build>
</project>
3、编写 web.xml 文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd"
id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0">
<!-- 指定 Root WebApplicationContext xml配置文件 -->
<!-- 如果不配置 contextConfigLocation这个属性，那么，自动会去加载 WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml 如果没有则报异常-->
<!-- 如果不需要 WebApplicationContext 继承关系则， contextConfigLocation 的 value 设置为 空 -->
<!-- （一般上不用WebApplicationContext继承关系） -->
<!-- context-param 更详实说明看 【11.1 web.xml context-param说明】-->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- 1、定义上下文监听 -->
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<!-- 2、定义 dispatcherServlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<!-- 如果不配置 contextConfigLocation 则默认加载 WEB-INF/${servlet-name}-servlet.xml-->
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring-context.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<!-- web应用一启动就初始化这个servlet -->
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<!-- 3、定义 dispatcherServlet-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
<!-- 注意:dispatcherServlet必须是“/”, 不能是“/*”; -->
<!-- 如果是“/*”,那么当返回modelAndView是个jsp时，它会继续走这个servlet去找“/WEB-INF/.../*.jsp”对应的controller -->
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<display-name>spring-web-application</display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>
4、编写 spring-context.xml
位置：/src/main/resource/spring-context.xml
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!-- 定义 handlerMapping(根据url 查找 Controller) -->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping" />
<!-- 定义视图解析器（根据视图名解析为对应的jsp） -->
<bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
<property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/"></property>
<property name="suffix" value=".jsp"></property>
</bean>
<!-- 定义controller -->
<bean id="/welcome" class="com.black.app.controller.WelcomeController" />
</beans>
5、编写日志配置
位置：/src/main/resource/logback.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration scan="true" >
<!--0. 日志格式 -->
<property name="CONSOLE_LOG_PATTERN"
value="%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%-5p] [%-10.15t] %20.30logger{30}.%M[line:%L]: %m%n}"/>
<!-- 时间戳 -->
<timestamp key="file_name_date" datePattern="yyyyMMdd"/>
<!--1. 记录日志到文件-->
<appender name="LogFile" class="ch.qos.logback.core.FileAppender">
<!-- 日志文件名 -->
<file>${file_name_date}/log-info-${file_name_date}.log</file>
<encoder>
<pattern>${CONSOLE_LOG_PATTERN}</pattern>
<!-- 设置字符集 -->
<charset>UTF-8</charset>
</encoder>
</appender>
<!--1. 输出到控制台-->
<appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
<encoder>
<pattern>${CONSOLE_LOG_PATTERN}</pattern>
<!-- 设置字符集 -->
<charset>UTF-8</charset>
</encoder>
</appender>
<root>
<appender-ref ref="LogFile" />
<appender-ref ref="CONSOLE" />
</root>
</configuration>
6、编写 Controller
package com.black.app.controller;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller;
public class WelcomeController implements Controller {
private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WelcomeController.class);
public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
logger.info("WelcomeController#handleRequest 开始处理...");
//获取请求参数-姓名
String name = request.getParameter("name");
//如果在windows乱码则进行转码
name = new String(name.getBytes("ISO8859-1"),"UTF-8");
logger.info("WelcomeController#handleRequest 请求参数：." + name);
ModelAndView view = new ModelAndView();
view.addObject("name", name);
//返回 welcome.jsp
view.setViewName("welcome");
logger.info("WelcomeController#handleRequest 处理结束。");
return view;
}
}
7、编写 welcome.jsp
位置：/src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/welcome.jsp
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<body>
<h2>欢迎【<%= request.getAttribute("name")%>】同学，来到我的 spring-springmvc-xml web应用</h2>
</body>
</html>
8、打包
maven compile package
war包路径：spring-springmvc-xml\target\spring-springmvc-xml.war
9、部署
将spring-springmvc-xml.war部署 apache-tomcat 下。
（1）将 spring-springmvc-xml.war 拷贝到 apache-tomcat-7.0.91\webapps\
（2）编写 apache-tomcat-7.0.91\conf\server.xml
<!-- 设置8180端口 -->
<Connector port="8180" protocol="HTTP/1.1" connectionTimeout="20000" edirectPort="9000" />
...
<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<!-- 增加 context标签 -->
<Context docBase="spring-springmvc-xml" path="/" reloadable="true"/>
</Host>
...
（3）启动 apache-tomcat
apache-tomcat-7.0.91\bin\startup.bat
如果闪退，记得将安装目录添加到配置环境变量CATALINA_HOME=E:\work\software\apache-tomcat-7.0.91 :
（4）启动后控制台打印：
（5）启动后，war包被解压，应用放在webapps/spring-springmvc-xml 下:
10、测试
（1）访问首页：http://localhost:8180/spring-springmvc-xml/
（2）访问欢迎页：http://localhost:8180/spring-springmvc-xml/welcome?name=小明
http://localhost:8180/spring-springmvc-xml/welcome?name=小红
11、一些说明
11.1 web.xml context-param说明
context-param 里的 contextConfigLocation 和 init-param 的contextConfigLocation有什么区别？
（1）context-param 里的配置参数是所有的 servlet 实例共享的。
（2）context-param 里的contextConfigLocation 是 Root WebApplicationContext，是可以被很多 DispatcherServlet 实例继承的； init-param 的contextConfigLocation 是 WebApplicationContext ，只能当前 DispatcherServlet 实例拥有的配置，与其他 servlet（不仅仅是DispatcherServlet实例） 不共享。
（3）如果不需要 WebApplicationContext 的继承关系，则 context-param 里的contextConfigLocation 配置是：
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</context-param>
如果需要 WebApplicationContext 的继承，则 context-param 里的contextConfigLocation 配置是：
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
如果需要继承 Root WebApplicationContext 的，则 init-param 里的contextConfigLocation 配置是：
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring-context.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
Spring 官方文档中的继承关系：
对应 web.xml 示例：
<web-app> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/root-context.xml</param-value> </context-param> <servlet> <servlet-name>app1</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/app1-context.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>app1</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/app1/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app>
（4） 如果context-param 不配置 contextConfigLocation 参数， 那么默认会加载 /WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml 文件；
如果文件不存在，则会报错：
2021-07-19 00:42:41.802 [INFO ] [ost-startStop-1] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext[line:271]: Root WebApplicationContext: initialization started 2021-07-19 00:42:42.081 [DEBUG] [ost-startStop-1] w.c.s.XmlWebApplicationContext.prepareRefresh[line:629]: Refreshing Root WebApplicationContext 2021-07-19 00:42:42.225 [ERROR] [ost-startStop-1] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext[line:313]: Context initialization failed org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: IOException parsing XML document from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml]; nested exception is java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml] at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:342) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:310) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:188) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:224) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:195) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:125) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:94) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.refreshBeanFactory(AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java:130) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.obtainFreshBeanFactory(AbstractApplicationContext.java:671) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:553) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:401) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoader.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoader.java:292) at org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener.contextInitialized(ContextLoaderListener.java:103) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:5157) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5680) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:145) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:1018) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:994) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:652) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:1127) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployWar.run(HostConfig.java:2021) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) Caused by: java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml] at org.springframework.web.context.support.ServletContextResource.getInputStream(ServletContextResource.java:159) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:333) ... 25 common frames omitted
（5） 如果 dispatcherServlet init-param 不配置 contextConfigLocation 参数，会自动去加载 “/WEB-INF/${servletname}-servlet.xml” 即/WEB-INF/dispatcherServlet-servlet.xml ;如果文件不存在 那么会报错：
2021-07-19 00:39:47.019 [DEBUG] [ost-startStop-1] w.c.s.XmlWebApplicationContext.prepareRefresh[line:629]: Refreshing WebApplicationContext for namespace 'dispatcherServlet-servlet' 2021-07-19 00:39:47.031 [ERROR] [ost-startStop-1] o.s.w.s.DispatcherServlet.initServletBean[line:534]: Context initialization failed org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: IOException parsing XML document from ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/dispatcherServlet-servlet.xml]; nested exception is java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/dispatcherServlet-servlet.xml] at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:342) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:310) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:188) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:224) at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(AbstractBeanDefinitionReader.java:195) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:125) at org.springframework.web.context.support.XmlWebApplicationContext.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlWebApplicationContext.java:94) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.refreshBeanFactory(AbstractRefreshableApplicationContext.java:130) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.obtainFreshBeanFactory(AbstractApplicationContext.java:671) at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:553) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:702) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:668) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.createWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:716) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initWebApplicationContext(FrameworkServlet.java:591) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.initServletBean(FrameworkServlet.java:530) at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.init(HttpServletBean.java:170) at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:158) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.initServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1230) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1174) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:1066) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:5409) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5707) at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:145) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:1018) at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:994) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:652) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:1127) at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployWar.run(HostConfig.java:2021) at java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:511) at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:266) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) Caused by: java.io.FileNotFoundException: Could not open ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/dispatcherServlet-servlet.xml] at org.springframework.web.context.support.ServletContextResource.getInputStream(ServletContextResource.java:159) at org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader.loadBeanDefinitions(XmlBeanDefinitionReader.java:333) ... 32 common frames omitted
11.2 一些特殊的Bean类型
Spring MVC 的9大组件
| Bean type | 解释 |
|---|---|
| HandlerMapping | 映射一个请求到一个Handler（有一堆拦截器）； 主要有两个实现：RequestMappingHandlerMapping（支持@RequestMapping注解）和 SimpleUrlHandlerMapping（URL 映射到 一个 Handler） |
| HandlerAdapter | 帮助DispatcherServlet调用handler |
| HandlerExceptionResolver | 解决异常的策略 |
| ViewResolver | 根据逻辑视图名解析出真实的视图 |
| LocaleResolver,LocaleContextResolver | 解析器 Locale，为了提供国际化视图 |
| ThemeResolver | 解析应用能够使用的主题 |
| MultipartResolver | 解析multi-part请求 |
| FlashMapManager | 重定向时可以将一个请求的属性传给另一个请求 |
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