mv命令

mv命令是move的缩写,可以用来移动文件或者将文件改名(move (rename) files),是Linux系统下常用的命令,经常用来备份文件或者目录。

1.命令格式

mv [选项] 源文件或目录 目标文件或目录

2.命令功能

mv命令中第二个参数类型的不同(是目标文件还是目标目录),mv命令将文件重命名或将其移至一个新的目录中。当第二个参数类型是文件时,mv命令完成文件重命名,此时,源文件只能有一个(也可以是源目录名),它将所给的源文件或目录重命名为给定的目标文件名。当第二个参数是已存在的目录名称时,源文件或目录参数可以有多个,mv命令将各参数指定的源文件均移至目标目录中。在跨文件系统移动文件时,mv先拷贝,再将原有文件删除,而链至该文件的链接也将丢失。

3.命令参数

  • -b:若需覆盖文件,则覆盖前先行备份。
  • -f :force 强制的意思,如果目标文件已经存在,不会询问而直接覆盖;
  • -i :若目标文件 (destination) 已经存在时,就会询问是否覆盖!
  • -u :若目标文件已经存在,且 source 比较新,才会更新(update)
  • -t : —target-directory=DIRECTORY move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY,即指定mv的目标目录,该选项适用于移动多个源文件到一个目录的情况,此时目标目录在前,源文件在后。

4.命令实例

实例一

文件改名
命令:

mv test.log new-test.log

输出:

zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:56 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zyiz zyiz   13 Feb 12 17:56 test.log
zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ mv test.log new-text.log
zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:57 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zyiz zyiz   13 Feb 12 17:56 new-text.log
zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

说明: 将文件text.log重命名为new-text.log

实例二

移动文件
命令:

mv test1.txt test3

输出:

zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ll
total 16
drwxrwxr-x 2 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:59 ./
drwxrwxr-x 7 zyiz zyiz 4096 Feb 12 17:28 ../
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zyiz zyiz   13 Feb 12 17:56 new-text.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zyiz zyiz   17 Feb 12 18:00 test.txt
zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ mv test.txt /home/zyiz/mv-text.txt

zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$ ls /home/zyiz/
Desktop    Downloads         mkdir  mv-text.txt  Public     Videos
Documents  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures     Templates
zyiz@ubuntu:~/mkdir/test$

说明:将test.txt文件移到目录/home/zyiz/中,并重命名为:mv-text.txt

实例三

test目录下的文件log1.txt,log2.txt,log3.txt移动到目录test3中。

命令:

mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt /home/zyiz/test3
## or
mv -t /home/zyiz/test3/ log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test]$ pwd
/home/zyiz/test
[zyiz@localhost test]$ mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt /home/zyiz/test3
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 0
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll /home/zyiz/test3
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt

说明:
mv log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt test3这个命令将log1.txtlog2.txtlog3.txt 三个文件移到 test3 目录中去,mv -t /opt/soft/test/test4/ log1.txt log2.txt log3.txt 命令又将三个文件移动到test4目录中去。

实例四

将文件file1改名为file2,如果file2已经存在,则询问是否覆盖
命令:

mv -i log1.txt log2.txt

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 8
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:39 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 30 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:38 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log1.txt
just a test content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
this is file:log2.txt content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ mv -i log1.txt log2.txt
mv: overwrite ‘log2.txt’? y
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zyiz@localhost test]$

实例五

将文件file1改名为file2,即使file2存在,也是直接覆盖掉。

命令:

mv -f log3.txt log2.txt

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:38 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ echo 'this is log3.txt content' >> log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 8
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:39 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 25 Feb 12 22:43 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
just a test content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log3.txt
this is log3.txt content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ mv -f log3.txt log2.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cat log2.txt
this is log3.txt content
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$

说明: log3.txt的内容直接覆盖了log2.txt内容,-f 这是个危险的选项,使用的时候一定要保持头脑清晰,一般情况下最好不用加上它,因为可能没有任何提示直接就执行了。

实例六:目录的移动

命令:

mv dir1 dir2

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test4]$ ls
test41
[zyiz@localhost test4]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz 54 Feb 12 22:35 test3
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost ~]$
[zyiz@localhost ~]$
[zyiz@localhost ~]$
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz 54 Feb 12 22:35 test3
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ cd test3
[zyiz@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test3]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ cd test4/
[zyiz@localhost test4]$ ls
test41
[zyiz@localhost test4]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ mv test4 test3
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz 38 Feb 12 22:44 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 67 Feb 12 22:48 test3
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll test3/
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost ~]$

说明:如果目录dir2不存在,将目录dir1改名为dir2;否则,将dir1移动到dir2中。

实例7

移动当前文件夹下的所有文件到上一级目录。
命令:

mv * ../

输出:

[zyiz@localhost ~]$ cd test
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ls
log2.txt  log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$
[zyiz@localhost test]$
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$
[zyiz@localhost ~]$
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ pwd
/home/zyiz
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ cd test
[zyiz@localhost test]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test]$ mv * ../
[zyiz@localhost test]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 25 Feb 12 22:43 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:44 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:55 test
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test1
drwxrwxr-x. 2 zyiz zyiz  6 Feb 12 22:33 test2
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 67 Feb 12 22:48 test3

实例八

把当前目录的一个子目录里的文件移动到另一个子目录中。
命令:

mv test3/*.txt test5

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost test3]$
[zyiz@localhost test3]$
[zyiz@localhost test3]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz  0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost test3]$ cd ..
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ mv test3/*.txt test5/
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll test5/
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost ~]$ ll test3/
total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 3 zyiz zyiz 20 Feb 12 22:46 test4
[zyiz@localhost ~]$

实例九

文件被覆盖前做简单备份,前面加参数-b
命令:

mv log1.txt -b log2.txt

输出:

[zyiz@localhost test5]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log1.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test5]$ mv log1.txt -b log2.txt
[zyiz@localhost test5]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log2.txt~
-rw-rw-r--. 1 zyiz zyiz 0 Feb 12 22:33 log3.txt
[zyiz@localhost test5]$

一些补充说明:

  • -b 不接受参数,mv会去读取环境变量VERSION_CONTROL来作为备份策略。
  • —backup该选项指定如果目标文件存在时的动作,共有四种备份策略:
    • 1.CONTROL=noneoff : 不备份。
    • 2.CONTROL=numbered或t:数字编号的备份
    • 3.CONTROL=existing或nil:如果存在以数字编号的备份,则继续编号备份m+1…n:
      执行mv操作前已存在以数字编号的文件log2.txt.~1~,那么再次执行将产生log2.txt~2~,以次类推。如果之前没有以数字编号的文件,则使用下面讲到的简单备份。
    • 4.CONTROL=simplenever:使用简单备份:在被覆盖前进行了简单备份,简单备份只能有一份,再次被覆盖时,简单备份也会被覆盖。

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