标记单词

标记是文本处理的基本特征，我们将单词标记为语法分类。借助tokenization和pos_tag函数来为每个单词创建标签。

import nltk

text = nltk.word_tokenize("A Python is a serpent which eats eggs from the nest")
tagged_text=nltk.pos_tag(text)
print(tagged_text)

执行上面示例代码，得到以下结果 -

[('A', 'DT'), ('Python', 'NNP'), ('is', 'VBZ'), ('a', 'DT'), ('serpent', 'NN'), 
('which', 'WDT'), ('eats', 'VBZ'), ('eggs', 'NNS'), ('from', 'IN'), 
('the', 'DT'), ('nest', 'JJS')]

标签说明

可以使用以下显示内置值的程序来描述每个标记的含义。

import nltk

nltk.help.upenn_tagset('NN')
nltk.help.upenn_tagset('IN')
nltk.help.upenn_tagset('DT')

当运行上面的程序时，我们得到以下输出 -

NN: noun, common, singular or mass
    common-carrier cabbage knuckle-duster Casino afghan shed thermostat
    investment slide humour falloff slick wind hyena override subhumanity
    machinist ...
IN: preposition or conjunction, subordinating
    astride among uppon whether out inside pro despite on by throughout
    below within for towards near behind atop around if like until below
    next into if beside ...
DT: determiner
    all an another any both del each either every half la many much nary
    neither no some such that the them these this those

标记语料库

还可以标记语料库数据并查看该语料库中每个单词的标记结果。参考以下实现代码 -

import nltk

from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize
from nltk.corpus import gutenberg
sample = gutenberg.raw("blake-poems.txt")
tokenized = sent_tokenize(sample)
for i in tokenized[:2]:
            words = nltk.word_tokenize(i)
            tagged = nltk.pos_tag(words)
            print(tagged)

执行上面示例代码，得到以下结果 -

[([', 'JJ'), (Poems', 'NNP'), (by', 'IN'), (William', 'NNP'), (Blake', 'NNP'), (1789', 'CD'), 
(]', 'NNP'), (SONGS', 'NNP'), (OF', 'NNP'), (INNOCENCE', 'NNP'), (AND', 'NNP'), (OF', 'NNP'), 
(EXPERIENCE', 'NNP'), (and', 'CC'), (THE', 'NNP'), (BOOK', 'NNP'), (of', 'IN'), 
(THEL', 'NNP'), (SONGS', 'NNP'), (OF', 'NNP'), (INNOCENCE', 'NNP'), (INTRODUCTION', 'NNP'), 
(Piping', 'VBG'), (down', 'RP'), (the', 'DT'), (valleys', 'NN'), (wild', 'JJ'), 
(,', ','), (Piping', 'NNP'), (songs', 'NNS'), (of', 'IN'), (pleasant', 'JJ'), (glee', 'NN'),
 (,', ','), (On', 'IN'), (a', 'DT'), (cloud', 'NN'), (I', 'PRP'), (saw', 'VBD'), 
 (a', 'DT'), (child', 'NN'), (,', ','), (And', 'CC'), (he', 'PRP'), (laughing', 'VBG'), 
 (said', 'VBD'), (to', 'TO'), (me', 'PRP'), (:', ':'), (``', '``'), (Pipe', 'VB'),
 (a', 'DT'), (song', 'NN'), (about', 'IN'), (a', 'DT'), (Lamb', 'NN'), (!', '.'), (u"''", "''")]